Risk analysis and system requirements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk analysis and system requirements - Essay Example This essay discusses that the functionality of the app will depend on a number of factors. First, the PDA will need to be Wi-Fi enabled so that it can connect to the internet in Wi-Fi hotspots. Secondly, the refrigerators will also need to be integrated with simulators to receive the commands from the PDA. In this case, the appliance will be Wi-Fi enabled. Today’s systems employ more functionality than ever; elaborate GUIs, network connectivity and inter-processor communication. At the same time, the time constraint has to be met. Cost of production will also be a strong challenge because the project calls for great investment from key players.Since the app will depend on wireless connectivity, some risks inherent in wireless connectivity could be imminent. Wireless technology uses WAP/Bluetooth protocols for communication (Wiergers 2003). Each of this protocol has built-in security to block break-in by hackers. This could be problematic for apps that require user identificati on. In this regard, access control flows may arise allowing unauthorized access. This issue arises when we have unclear access policy and improper app design (inadequate input validation). Such risks can be avoided through accurate input validation and clear definition of the access policy. Buffer overflows could also arise causing the app to lose control of its execution. The project requires cooperation from three key players; a refrigerator manufacturer, Wi-Fi Service provider and me. The app will require windows 5 PDA (Palm OS) and Web platforms.... doors, temperature components, electrical circulation, humidity. In this case, the device will be portable so that the user can still get these analyses even when out of the house through Wi-Fi technology. The device will be helpful to the old and the disabled. The app will allow for convenient refrigeration control. The device will rely on wireless technology. The device will be light, portable and ergonomic with simple navigation. It will rely on low power requirements (either batteries or electric current). System Requirements User Interfaces The app will be installed on Wi-Fi enabled PDAs allowing the user to manipulate the refrigerator from any Wi-Fi hotspot. Users will use either virtual keyboards or touch screen technology on their PDAs to manipulate their freezers. The PDA should provide the app link on the screen so that a single touch opens up the app’s page where the user can operate the appliance. The page should offer options to the user on how to proceed. User ca n therefore be able to input commands and check analyses. Hardware Interfaces The app will be installed on PDAs with Palm Operating System, Software Interfaces The PDA should run on any platform with a Java 6 compatible Runtime Environment. This Includes Palm Operating System, Windows, Mac OS, Linux and Sun Solaris. Communication Interfaces The PDA should have Bluetooth to enhance exchange of data and Wi-Fi Connectivity. In this regard, users will be able to connect to the internet when in Wi-Fi Hotspots and operate their Wi-Fi enabled appliances. Functional Requirements The functionality of the app will depend on a number or factors. First, the PDA will need to be Wi-Fi enabled so that it can connect to the internet in Wi-Fi hotspots. Secondly, the refrigerators will also need to

Romeo and Juliet - Fight scene Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Fight scene Essay In the opening of the fight scene the Montague boys are in their car driving towards the gas station messing about playing their music very loud . in this part of the scene the boys are all laughing and shouting until they pull into the station itself and then realize their worst enemies are there this makes some of the Montague boys very nervous. The Capulets act as if they are in charge, almost as if the Montague boys are on their territory. The Montague boys try to intimidate the Capulets by one of the boys biting his thumb at the Capulet boys. This irritates them and this meeting turns into a big brawl and everyones guns are drawn ending up with everyone being involved. In this scene there are many different sounds all causing different affects some of these sounds are clearer than others being things like the swish of one of the Capulets coats as he swings to look at the Montagues, Tibalts metal heels as he walked they hit off the floor making a very loud noise and could be heard clearly when stepping out of the car, the fire blazing especially when the fire is lit by the match, The gun dropping this was aloud claming sound, when the match is dropped and crushed when Abra grits his teeth. A gun also hits the tins on the shelf in the garage and this causes the bullets to ricocheted off the sign. There are also several occasions in the scene when there are different voices heard there are different tones of voice and also pitch conversations were heard between the players. Near the end of the scene a helicopter was heard from the sky and the police siren was also heard . All of these complete the scene and also make it as dramatic and intricate as it is. The music in the scene is very important . It gives the scene depth and also dramatic points . It changed a lot during the scene from the Montagues rock music playing in their car when they pulled up to the station to very religious and even very western music. These different types of music shows the real sides of each family and person . the music was chosen to fit the characters for example Benvolio would not be suited to slow classical music where as Tybalt might get away with it . Its like when each different family pulls up there are two different types of music so you can get an idea or pick up their trade mark if you like of what they are all about. In the fight scene there are two very different styles of family each and every thing completes or adds to their style for example we have talked already about the music and attitudes but their dress code is 1 of the key elements. For example the Capulets are very Spanish in their styling with there flowing leather coats, bright waist coats etc. this is also shown with the way Tybalt move whilst shooting and generally moving about the station. Also on the Capulets waistcoats were very religious icons but apart from that there style of clothing was mainly black. In direct contrast the Montague boys were complete opposite dressing very casual and beach like suiting their location this included brightly colour Hawaiian style beach shirts and shorts. GCSE English media assignment Love scene In the opening of the love scene the Capulets are having a party, sort of a live show it is very slow and romantic Romeo has taken a pill and feels a bit dehydrated so he decides to go to the bathroom whilst he is in the bathroom he notices a fish tank and starts to look at it in a bit closer detail, whilst looking into the tank he notices Juliet through the tank and it is love at first sight . the fish tank is made up of blue and yellow fish just like the colours of the cars in the fight scene when Romeo and Juliet meet the fish swim together representing a join of the families as they are supposed to be worst enemies . The two of them watch each other and follow each other through the tank for a while until the nurse calls and Juliet is dragged away. Romeo then follows Juliet out and Juliet is ordered to dance with Paris. Whilst Juliet is dancing Romeo watches and talks to Juliet about them meeting. they both wait till the song finishes and run to the lift where they shares there first kiss together and then many more whilst they are kissing the nurse walks in and tells Juliet that her mother seeks her . Romeo and Juliet are both shocked to find out their true love is yet their worst enemy. In this scene there are many different sounds but yet totally different to the last scene we studied the sounds in this scenes are far more romantic and dramatic for example the music is very slow and peace full suiting the scene very well. When they both run to the lift the music changes slightly as it sort of get your heart going as if they are taking a naughty risk and being sort of childish in away. The other sounds in the scene consist of the lift doors dinging when they shut adding to the dramatic effect and also the sound of the feet running along the corridor. There are also a lot more conversations and voices heard in this scene most of which are either very loud or very quite for example whispering or even mumbling of the crowd. There are also lots of different types of shots involved in this scene for example there are lots of close ups, long shots, double headers and over the shoulder shots these are all used during some point of the scene. some where. As they give more dramatic or romantic feels to the scene fitting in perfectly. An example of a close up is in the lift where Romeo and Juliet share their first kiss and the camera circles them giving the illusion of it lasting longer. All of these different shots complete the scene and the dramatic features it needs are all included. These all help us to understand the scene better. There is a wide range of costumes in this scene all with a meaning and they seam to represent for example Romeo as Juliets knight in shining armour and Juliet as his angel. In the scene they are both dressed very appropriately for each other but dont realise that their true love is their worst enemy. This is the first meting but what they dont realise is that it is also the beginning of the end.

Jane Austens Persuasion Essay -- Jane Austen Persuasion Essays

Jane Austen's Persuasion As the novel ‘persuasion’ progresses the romantic feelings towards Anne Elliot, Austen’s protagonist conveyed from the hero Captain Wentworth becomes more and more apparent. We start of with Kellynch hall, the former Elliot residents now being let to the Crofts. At Kellynch the feeling that are exposed towards Anne are of disinterest. ‘Cold politeness’ Captain Wentworth freely flirts with other young ladies of the manor and does not care to acknowledge Anne apart from the odd glance or look. Captain Wentworth is firstly perceived as a frivolous soul and his attitude towards women are not that of earnestness. He seems to care not of whom he sees, ‘Anybody between 15 and 30 may have me for asking’. It becomes almost apparent to Anne that any feelings he may have had for our heroine have disappeared, ’her power over him had gone’ Given the situation it may be that captain Wentworth is angry at Anne for being persuaded into the beak up of the relationship, ‘she had used him ill’, ‘he had not forgiven her’. The feelings that are portrayed towards Anne at Kellynch are of anger and disappointment, ‘and disappointed him’ the setting in which these feelings are conveyed are complementary, Kellynch as place were Anne is simply nobody ‘she was only Anne’ her image and status obsessed elder sister and father don't take much notice of her. Kellynch is a place connected to Anne with no appreciation from her family this may reflect on captain Wentworth feelings towards Anne. Sir Walter utilises the masquerades of a lavish lifestyle ‘Kellynch was well furnished’ whilst contemplating the harsh realities of debt and retrenching, similarly captain Wentworth may be utilising the masquerades of... ...’ he does not know if Anne loves him or Mr Elliot. Captain Wentworth becomes extremely open towards the end of the novel; he at the end of the novel is obliged to write to Anne as a reaction to a conversation between captain harville and Anne, in which he declares his love for Anne. To conclude, captain Wentworth feelings have developed immensely since the begging of the novel from ‘cold politeness’ to the realisation of his love for Anne Elliot. Captain Wentworth seems to be persuaded by the settings of places, how Anne Elliot was persuaded by Lady Russell to break up the relationship. This may actually be a rather hypocritical view as captain Wentworth, declaring that to be persuaded and uncertainty are all traits he resents yet he finds them within himself. Captain Wentworth’s uncertainty has driven him to behave the way has behaved towards Anne.

Deception Point Page 46

Delta-One had now finished packing snow down the woman's throat. Before turning his attention to the others, Delta-One unhooked the woman's belay harness. He could reconnect it later, but at the moment, he did not want the two people behind the sled getting ideas about pulling his victim to safety. Michael Tolland had just witnessed a murderous act more bizarre than his darkest mind could imagine. Having cut Norah Mangor free, the three attackers were turning their attention to Corky. I've got to do something! Corky had come to and was moaning, trying to sit up, but one of the soldiers pushed him back down on his back, straddled him, and pinned Corky's arms to the ice by kneeling on them. Corky let out a cry of pain that was instantly swallowed up by the raging wind. In a kind of demented terror, Tolland tore through the scattered contents of the overturned sled. There must be something here! A weapon! Something! All he saw was diagnostic ice gear, most of it smashed beyond recognition by the ice pellets. Beside him, Rachel groggily tried to sit up, using her ice ax to prop herself up. â€Å"Run†¦ Mike†¦ â€Å" Tolland eyed the ax that was strapped to Rachel's wrist. It could be a weapon. Sort of. Tolland wondered what his chances were attacking three armed men with a tiny ax. Suicide. As Rachel rolled and sat up, Tolland spied something behind her. A bulky vinyl bag. Praying against fate that it contained a flare gun or radio, he clambered past her and grabbed the bag. Inside he found a large, neatly folded sheet of Mylar fabric. Worthless. Tolland had something similar on his research ship. It was a small weather balloon, designed to carry payloads of observational weather gear not much heavier than a personal computer. Norah's balloon would be no help here, particularly without a helium tank. With the growing sounds of Corky's struggle, Tolland felt a helpless sensation he had not felt in years. Total despair. Total loss. Like the cliche of one's life passing before one's eyes before death, Tolland's mind flashed unexpectedly through long forgotten childhood images. For an instant he was sailing in San Pedro, learning the age-old sailor's pastime of spinnaker-flying-hanging on a knotted rope, suspended over the ocean, plunging laughing into the water, rising and falling like a kid hanging on a belfry rope, his fate determined by a billowing spinnaker sail and the whim of the ocean breeze. Tolland's eyes instantly snapped back to the Mylar balloon in his hand, realizing that his mind had not been surrendering, but rather it had been trying to remind him of a solution! Spinnaker flying. Corky was still struggling against his captor as Tolland yanked open the protective bag around the balloon. Tolland had no illusions that this plan was anything other than a long shot, but he knew remaining here was certain death for all of them. He clutched the folded mass of Mylar. The payload clip warned: CAUTION: NOT FOR USE IN WINDS OVER 10 KNOTS. The hell with that! Gripping it hard to keep it from unfurling, Tolland clambered over to Rachel, who was propped on her side. He could see the confusion in her eyes as he nestled close, yelling, â€Å"Hold this!† Tolland handed Rachel the folded pad of fabric and then used his free hands to slip the balloon's payload clasp through one of the carabiners on his harness. Then, rolling on his side, he slipped the clasp through one of Rachel's carabiners as well. Tolland and Rachel were now one. Joined at the hip. From between them, the loose tether trailed off across the snow to the struggling Corky†¦ and ten yards farther to the empty clip beside Norah Mangor. Norah is already gone, Tolland told himself. Nothing you can do. The attackers were crouched over Corky's writhing body now, packing a handful of snow, and preparing to stuff it down Corky's throat. Tolland knew they were almost out of time. Tolland grabbed the folded balloon from Rachel. The fabric was as light as tissue paper-and virtually indestructible. Here goes nothing. â€Å"Hold on!† â€Å"Mike?† Rachel said. â€Å"What-â€Å" Tolland hurled the pad of wadded Mylar into the air over their heads. The howling wind snatched it up and spread it out like a parachute in a hurricane. The sheath filled instantly, billowing open with a loud snap. Tolland felt a wrenching yank on his harness, and he knew in an instant he had grossly underestimated the power of the katabatic wind. Within a fraction of a second, he and Rachel were half airborne, being dragged down the glacier. A moment later, Tolland felt a jerk as his tether drew taut on Corky Marlinson. Twenty yards back, his terrified friend was yanked out from under his stunned attackers, sending one of them tumbling backward. Corky let out a blood-curdling scream as he too accelerated across the ice, barely missing the overturned sled, then fishtailing inward. A second rope trailed limp beside Corky†¦ the rope that had been connected to Norah Mangor. Nothing you can do, Tolland told himself. Like a tangled mass of human marionettes, the three bodies skimmed down the glacier. Ice pellets went sailing by, but Tolland knew the attackers had missed their chance. Behind him, the white-clad soldiers faded away, shrinking to illuminated specks in the glow of the flares. Tolland now felt the ice ripping beneath his padded suit with relentless acceleration, and the relief at having escaped faded fast. Less than two miles directly ahead of them, the Milne Ice Shelf came to an abrupt end at a precipitous cliff-and beyond it†¦ a hundred-foot drop to the lethal pounding surf of the Arctic Ocean. 52 Marjorie Tench was smiling as she made her way downstairs toward the White House Communications Office, the computerized broadcast facility that disseminated press releases formulated upstairs in the Communications Bullpen. The meeting with Gabrielle Ashe had gone well. Whether or not Gabrielle was scared enough to turn over an affidavit admitting the affair was uncertain, but it sure as hell was worth a try. Gabrielle would be smart to bail out on him, Tench thought. The poor girl had no idea just how hard Sexton was about to fall. In a few hours, the President's meteoric press conference was going to cut Sexton down at the knees. That was in the bank. Gabrielle Ashe, if she cooperated, would be the death blow that sent Sexton crawling off in shame. In the morning, Tench could release Gabrielle's affidavit to the press along with footage of Sexton denying it. One-two punch. After all, politics was not just about winning the election, it was about winning decisively-having the momentum to carry out one's vision. Historically, any president who squeaked into office on a narrow margin accomplished much less; he was weakened right out of the gate, and Congress never seemed to let him forget it. Ideally, the destruction of Senator Sexton's campaign would be comprehensive-a two-pronged attack sacking both his politics and his ethics. This strategy, known in Washington as the â€Å"high-low,† was stolen from the art of military warfare. Force the enemy to battle on two fronts. When a candidate possessed a piece of negative information about his opponent, he often waited until he had a second piece and went public with both simultaneously. A double-edged attack was always more effective than a single shot, particularly when the dual attack incorporated separate aspects of his campaign-the first against his politics, the second against his character. Rebuttal of a political attack took logic, while rebuttal of a character attack took passion; disputing both simultaneously was an almost impossible balancing act. Tonight, Senator Sexton would find himself scrambling to extract himself from the political nightmare of an astounding NASA triumph, and yet his plight would deepen considerably if he were forced to defend his NASA position while being called a liar by a prominent female member of his staff.

The Rise and Decline of the Roman Republic

R. Griffin Professor Terry HIST 101 26 May 2010 The Rise and Decline of the Roman Republic To this day, there have been few governmental declines comparable to that of the Roman Republic. Once a thriving republic with an established system of government, Rome was the first society in which any free citizen could have a say, directly or indirectly, in governmental actions and decisions. For years, this stability of the government corresponded to several conquests, and the future of the Republic appeared to be very bright; however, increasing economic, social, and political issues tore apart a government, which appeared to be flawless.The events that directly led to Rome's relapse from a thriving republic years ahead of its time, with divided power and stability, to a chaotic system of government consisting of dictators and frequent turmoil provide a clear example of the misuse of power by several individuals. This research will explain the events and circumstances that directly lead t o the decline of the Roman republic. By 287 B. C. Rome had created a governmental system years ahead of it's time. Rome modified this political system several times over the years in order to deal with internal conflicts and managed to establish a complex, yet organized government. The Romans had a clear concept of executive authority, embodied in their word, imperium, or ‘the right to command'† (Spielvogel 117). Atop the chain of command were the two consuls and praetor. These elected officials served one-year terms, with the consuls having a military focus and the praetor having a political focus. As the Roman republic expanded, pro-praetors and pro-consuls, who previously served as consuls and praetors, were also appointed to govern the Roman provinces. Furthermore, Administrators, or officials with specialized duties helped assisting the Consuls and Praetor. Quaestors were in charge of overseeing financial affairs.Aediles supervised the games. Also, Censors were appo inted to gather an assessment of the population. The main purpose of establishing this position was to aid in formulating taxes. A major modification that solidified Rome as a governed republic was the addition of the senate. It consisted of three hundred advising elders who served life-long terms. Since they did not have legislative authority, they could not make laws. Finally, the Centuriate Assembly contained high ranking Roman army officers functioning in a political role. â€Å"By any reasonable standards the constitution worked smoothly.There was no interruption in the annual election of office holders, and not a single Roman is known to have been killed, or even injured, in political violence during the period† (Millar 2). The Roman population consisted of the Patricians and Plebeians, with the plebs being the majority. The Plebeians, who were underprivileged and poor, opposed the aristocratic patricians because they did not have the same rights as them. Moreover, the patricians controlled the entire government, and the hard-working farmers and small landowners of the plebeian group could not hold office and have someone to represent them politically.When the plebs became tired of the inequality of the government they essentially went on strike and left Rome. â€Å"The patricians, realizing that they could not defend Rome by themselves, were forced to compromise. Two new officials known as the tribunes of the plebs were instituted. These tribunes were given the power to protect the plebeians from arrest by patrician magistrates. Moreover, a new popular assembly for plebeians only, called the council of the plebs, was created in 471 B. C. † (Spievogel 118). This allowed the plebs to make governmental proposals, but they still did not have a true voice in the government.For the next two hundred seven years, more rights were granted to plebeians, and â€Å"by 287 B. C. all Roman citizens were equal under the law, and could strive for politic al office† (Spievogel 120). By now the republic had adopted the Plebiscite, which were laws created by the plebs. For the next one hundred fifty-four years, the Roman Republic thrived, making several conquests, while also establishing allies. Rome and its neighbors of the Italian peninsula were seemingly in a constant feud, which eventually led to a series of battles and wars and â€Å"by 267 B. C. the Romans completed their conquest of southern Italy. After crushing the remaining Etruscan states to the north, Rome had conquered all of Italy, except the extreme north, by 264 B. C. † (Spievogel 120). Rome also established many allies along the way: â€Å"To rule Italy, the Romans devised the Roman confederation in 338 B. C. Under this system, Rome allowed some peoples (especially the Latins) to have full Roman citizenship. Most of the remaining communities were made allies† (Spievogel 120). With the use of these allies and the powerful Roman army, the Romans faced little opposition in conquering Italy. In the course of their expansion throughout Italy, the Romans pursued consistent policies that help explain their success. The Romans excelled at making the correct diplomatic decisions†¦. Though firm and even cruel when necessary, rebellions were crushed without mercy† (Spievogel 120). Incorporating similar strategy that they used in conquering the Italian peninsula, the Romans success continued in their conquest of the majority vast Mediterranean islands and coastlines. Among these conquests were the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, Spain, Macedonia, Carthage, and Pergamum.At this point, almost the entire Mediterranean Sea was controlled Roman Republic, while the government and military continued to be run effectively, But things would soon change. According to Spievogel, due to a snowball effect of social, economic and political issues the decline and fall of the Roman Republic began around 133 B. C. As previously stated, the ple beians and patricians were eventually made equal in all aspects of Roman government and livelihood; however â€Å"the magistracies and senate were increasingly controlled by a relatively select circle of wealthy and powerful families – both patrician and plebeian – called the nobles.From 233 – 133 B. C. , eighty percent of the consuls came from twenty-six families† (Spievogel 134). The voice of the public was becoming muted, which is always a gateway to rebellion and uprising. Like most civilizations before them, the Romans were built on agriculture and farming by individual landowners. These farmers made up the majority of the Roman army as well. â€Å"In order to win the Punic wars, Rome had to increase the term of military service to six years.Now when the soldiers returned after many years of service abroad, they found their farms so deteriorated, that they chose to sell out instead of remaining on the land† (Spievogel 136). The aristocrats als o began to accumulate this land and hired slaves to produce a variety of crops that the independent farmers couldn't compete with. Farmers continued to lose money and property. Consequently, the cities became crowded with these ex-farmers, serving as day laborers. â€Å"This new class of urban proletariat formed a highly unsustainable mass.Thus Rome's economic, social, and political problems were serious and needed attention† (Spievogel 136). Tiberius Gracchus wanted to fix the growing problem of landless farmers in Rome, thinking it would solve many of the issues causing Rome's decline. When he was elected as one of the tribunes of the plebs, he passed a bill whereby the government would divide the public land, used by large landowners, among the landless farmers. â€Å"Many senators, themselves large landowners whose estates included tracts of public land, were furious, and a group of them took the law into their own hands and assassinated Tiberius† (Spievogel 136).T he death of Tiberius marked the beginning of the end of the Roman Republic. For the next one hundred years, the chaotic Roman government saw more assassinations, dictators, and rebellions. An excerpt from â€Å"Julius Caesar† reads, â€Å"Our first glimpse of Caesar's Rome shows the tribunes, whose ancient office had been established to protect the people against the nobility's arrogance, now apparently forced to defend the republic against the people themselves† (Blits 42).Although Rome revolutionized government with a complex, and effective system that is still used as a basis for many governments, it proved to be vulnerable to increasing economic, social, and political issues, which brought about the republics destruction. These events that directly led to Rome's relapse from a thriving democracy years ahead of its time, with divided power and stability, to a chaotic system of government consisting of dictators and frequent turmoil provide a clear example of the ove rzealous quest for and misuse of power by several individuals.Sources Blits, Jan H. â€Å"Caesarism and the End of Republican Rome: Julius Caesar, Act I, Scene I. † The Journal of Politics 43. 1 (1981): 40-55. JSTOR. Web. 25 May 2010. Millar, Fergus. â€Å"The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic, 200-151 B. C. † The Journal of Roman Studies 74 (1984): 1-19. JSTOR. Web. 25 May 2010. Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization. 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2009. Print.

Free Essays on United States Presidents

The Presidents of the United States  · Washington- only president to be unanimously elected by Electoral College. had teeth made of hippopotamus ivory. acted like a king.  · Adams- first election under real two party system. Graduate of Harvard. First president to live in the White House. Only father-son presidency. Died July 4th same day as Jefferson  · Jefferson- wrote the Declaration of independence. Designed his home. First president to take the oath in Washington, D.C. Very talented. Died July 4th same day as Adams Never spoke in public because of voice.  · Madison- graduate from Princeton. Was the first president to wear trousers. Very short, always wore black.  · Monroe- first president to ride on a steamboat. The only president to have a foreign capitol named after him. Died on July 4th  · Adams- graduated from Harvard Helped establish Smithsonian Institute. Kept a diary for over 60 years. First president to be photographed. Seemed hard and cold as ice.  · Jackson- joined the SC militia at age 13 and was captured by British in War for Independence. Opened the White House to crowds for his inauguration. First president to ride a train while in office. Lived with a bullet in his chest. First president to have an assassination attempt.  · Van Buren- first president not born a British subject. Got new upholstery in the Oval Drawing room, and created the Blue Room.  · Harrison- served the shortest presidential term- one-month. He was the oldest president until Regan. Longest inauguration address in history. Died of pneumonia.  · Tyler- graduated from William and Mary College. Almost killed twice while in office. First vice-president to run office. First president to marry while in office.  · Polk- expanded American boundaries to the Pacific. Worked 14 hours a day and ... Free Essays on United States Presidents Free Essays on United States Presidents The Presidents of the United States  · Washington- only president to be unanimously elected by Electoral College. had teeth made of hippopotamus ivory. acted like a king.  · Adams- first election under real two party system. Graduate of Harvard. First president to live in the White House. Only father-son presidency. Died July 4th same day as Jefferson  · Jefferson- wrote the Declaration of independence. Designed his home. First president to take the oath in Washington, D.C. Very talented. Died July 4th same day as Adams Never spoke in public because of voice.  · Madison- graduate from Princeton. Was the first president to wear trousers. Very short, always wore black.  · Monroe- first president to ride on a steamboat. The only president to have a foreign capitol named after him. Died on July 4th  · Adams- graduated from Harvard Helped establish Smithsonian Institute. Kept a diary for over 60 years. First president to be photographed. Seemed hard and cold as ice.  · Jackson- joined the SC militia at age 13 and was captured by British in War for Independence. Opened the White House to crowds for his inauguration. First president to ride a train while in office. Lived with a bullet in his chest. First president to have an assassination attempt.  · Van Buren- first president not born a British subject. Got new upholstery in the Oval Drawing room, and created the Blue Room.  · Harrison- served the shortest presidential term- one-month. He was the oldest president until Regan. Longest inauguration address in history. Died of pneumonia.  · Tyler- graduated from William and Mary College. Almost killed twice while in office. First vice-president to run office. First president to marry while in office.  · Polk- expanded American boundaries to the Pacific. Worked 14 hours a day and ...

Environmental Scan Of The Airline Industry Tourism Essay Essays

Environmental Scan Of The Airline Industry Tourism Essay Essays Environmental Scan Of The Airline Industry Tourism Essay Essay Environmental Scan Of The Airline Industry Tourism Essay Essay We have defined our relevant market for Flydubai as a low cost bearer within the merchandise signifier degree. Bing positioned as a low cost national air hose bearer, it s confronting a high competition from other national air hoses which force the relevant market to be within the merchandise signifier. ( For more information on the relevant market please mention to appendix 2 ) . This paper will concentrate on showing an environmental scan of the air hose industry within the Middle East part during the clip frame of 3 old ages ( 2009-2012 ) . In order to make so, we will place the important tendencies and their attendant deductions on Flydubai relevant market. This study will include an in deepness reappraisal of the macro, micro analysis and its deductions of Flydubai relevant market in the following three old ages. Body: In placing the major key tendencies in the macro environment of Flydubai, we have addressed several issues that include the political, societal and economical tendencies. Flydubai was established by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Prime Minister and Vice-President, and Ruler of Dubai orders in March 2008 and started its operation in its first flight to Lebanon on June 1st 2009.Being to the full owned by Dubai authorities and bask the full installations offered in terminal 2 at Dubai International Airport, the company is holding a competitory advantage compared to its challengers in the market as it enjoy the full authorities support and airdrome services. Furthermore, the current authorities tendency in the labour force is towards emiratization and protecting labours rights. Bing a portion of the Fly Emirates Group, the organisation will confront no job in emiratization as it will follow Fly Emirates emiratization scheme. The major challenge that Flydubai will confront is being able to offer high paid occupations and cut down its operational costs as it is considered a low cost air hose company. Populating in the current fiscal crises epoch, Flydubai was established in one of the most hard clip the state economic system had faced in the last 25 old ages. Falling oil monetary values, chilling existent estate and building markets, together with a lag in the touristry sector, particularly in Dubai, means the UAE is expected to post low or perchance negative GDP growing in 2009 , harmonizing to analysts ( Arabian Business, 2009 ) . This information may be considered negative to many air hose companies but it may be positive to a low cost air hose similar Flydubai as people are now concentrating more in cut downing their disbursals as the incomes are reduced. This means their inclination of consumers concentrating more on monetary values is increasing. Furthermore, consumer behaviour is altering towards low cost air hoses particularly in the Middle East part as consumers are persuaded by low monetary values and a better service offered by low cost air hoses. Harmonizing to a survey done by Arabian Business web site, it was found that 83 per centum of the respondents would exchange their preferable air hose bearer, for a cheaper monetary value, while 17.6 per centum believed they would see options and merchandise off between the price reduction and lost air stat mis. It can therefore be inferred that pricing plays a important function in consumer behavior and the determination doing procedure particularly in the current economic downswing epoch ( Glass, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Dubai section of Tourism and commercialism selling 3.85 million tourers had visited the emirate in the first half of 2009, a five per centum addition on the same period of 2008 . This figure strongly shows the current touristry industry market and how attractive it became even though of the current economical downswing. Other figures expect that the figure of tourers will fall compared to 2008 figures but most figures have stated that there will be a positive growing in 2010. This figure shows that Flydubai will see a future growing rates in the coming 3 old ages as terrorist act sector restore its high figures after get the better ofing the current downswing. As observed by Andrew Cowen, CEO of SAMA Airlines, the market is switching from the traditional major air hoses concern travel towards low cost bearers for trips within the GCC. Business travellers are altering their perceptual experience of low cost bearers, supported by the current economic downswing and the addition figure of foreign concerns within GCC states come ining the UAE. This shows a tendency of an increasing demand for low cost bearers in the following three old ages ( High clip for low cost bearers, 2008 ) . ( For in depth information on the analysis of the macro environment of the air hose industry please refer to Appendix 3 ) In placing the major key tendencies in the micro environment the undermentioned facets that includes, Customers, Employees, media, stockholders, rivals and providers. Customers who are monetary value conscious are concerned with low cost air hoses. Flydubai has focused on pricing scheme and flexibleness because these two factors play a large function in finding the client s determination procedure on which air hoses they choose to go with. Furthermore, the figure of tourer from around the universe including the part will turn more than 40 % in the following 3 old ages in Dubai ( www.realtyna.com ) . This shows that there will be increased figure of clients who will utilize Flydubai air hoses within the following three old ages due its successful usage of pricing scheme and flexibleness. The Employees of Flydubai have good experiences and they were carefully selected from 12 different nationalities. Harmonizing to Kenneth Gile, main runing officer of Flydubai said: We are highly pleased with the endowment of the pilots we have on board. On norm, they each have more than 4,000 hours functioning every bit captain in similar aircraft and a entire experience of more than 8,000 winging hours this is impressive by any criterion ( Sambidge, 2009 ) . Flydubai is to the full owned by the authorities of Dubai and its considered as a portion of its female parent company the Emirates Group. The chief scheme that Flydubai is willing to utilize for their selling scheme is through word of oral cavity ( bombilation ) . This is because Flydubai is a low cost air hose ; they tend to put low budgets for their advertizements to maintain their monetary values low. The direct rivals of Flydubai are Air Arabia and Al Jazeerah air hoses because these two air hoses are besides low cost air hoses in the same state as Flydubai. However, the major rival of Flydubai is Air Arabia because, foremost of all, they are the first to claim about low cost air hoses in the Middle East part. Furthermore, they hold the highest market portion in the relevant market as identified before. Our market portion comparing to those two carries are low because Flydubai merely late launched to the market. But, within the following three old ages we expect rapid growing in the market portion because Dubai is a finish for tourers. The major indirect rival is Fly Emirates which stands as the leader in air hose industry in the relevant market and it will maintain its public presentation in the following three old ages. The 2nd indirect rival is Etihad Airlines which is turning fast because of the limitless support from Abu Dhabi authorities. In add-on, those air hose bearers m ake low monetary value offers for the same finish that we have flight lines to. The provider of Flydubai is Boeing. Flydubai announced an order of 50 following coevals 737 aircraft from Boeing. Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum said: The Boeing Next-Generation 737 is ideally suited to our mission to convey some two billion regional dwellers low-cost, efficient and flexible travel options to and from Dubai. ( For more information on the micro environment analysis, delight mention to Appendix 4 ) . Deductions: Primary demand: Low cost air hoses are concentrating on clients who are monetary value witting. The figure of clients utilizing the LCC air hoses is increasing and it will go on turning in the following three old ages ( www.gulf-daily-news.com ) . This is because, foremost of all, the per centum of tourers will increase by 40 % within the following three old ages which shows that the market portion of LCC will increase every bit good. Second, because of the economic status, many people tend to salvage money and spend it on low cost air hoses to go more to the coveted finishs. Users of Low cost air hoses contain all different ages and nationalities. Furthermore, cost is one of the chief factors that affect client s ability to purchase. The costs of these bearers are low and will go on to stay low in the following three old ages. This will increase client s ability and willingness to purchase. Selective demand We can specify the consumer determination doing procedure as an extended job work outing degree, where they are introduced to a complete new trade name with low trade name cognition. So, Flydubai should infusive more on their trade name individuality through the media and other communicating types in order to enrich consumer s cognition. Once Flydubai had increased the degree of consumer cognition, we expect immense addition in market portion in the following three old ages because the determination devising procedure is traveling to switch from extended job work outing to routine which is low information hunt about the company. Therefore, we expect major alteration within the following three twelvemonth upon the factors we mentioned above. Cleavage: As for cleavage we expect to see a rise in the population of the UAE in the undermentioned 3 old ages. Harmonizing to the electronic portal of Gulf News the population of UAE is nearing six million as of now and it is expected to intensify even further by the terminal of this twelvemonth. An addition in building in the coming old ages requires more labour to be imported from foreign states, therefore increasing the figure of possible clients ( low income and middle-class life styles ) who might desire to utilize our services. Furthermore, economic roar can besides be a factor for business communities to go to and from Dubai more often. In add-on, the figure of pupils going to the UAE for instruction is expected to increase in the close hereafter ; this implies that they will most likely choice Flydubai as their primary manner of conveyance to go to and from the UAE, since the economic status shows really small marks of betterment in the close hereafter. More tourers are expected to get in the UAE within the close hereafter out of which a subdivision of them are highly monetary value sensitive travellers. Another scenario would be that the current economic downswing continues to consequence economic systems world-wide within the coming three old ages increasing the figure of price-sensitive clients in the eight markets we operate in. To maintain up with the jutting demand, Flydubai is be aftering to increase its swift size from 5 ( presently ) to 54 aircrafts in the coming old ages. An addition in swift size would let Flydubai non merely to suit a big figure of clients but besides expand its range in footings of finishs. Conversely, the proclamation of the new GCC rail web which is the new transit category in our relevant market is expected to hold a little negative consequence on Flydubai s operations in footings of fring clients that fall in our mark cleavage. The GCC rail web and Flydubai have one common finish which is Qatar. Once the GCC rail web begins its operations there is a high possibility of losing out on our current and possible clients. ( For more information on cleavage please mention to appendix 5 ) . Rival analysis Our major competitory in our comparative market is Air Arabia and so Al Jazeera Airlines. Air Arabia is keeping major market portion because they are the first to claim about establishing foremost low cost air hoses in Middle East part. However, Flydubai can vie with those two direct rivals when we focus on our competitory advantage which is monetary value leading. Besides, location is another of import factor due the figure of travellers that are utilizing Dubai Airport comparing to Sharjah Airport. In add-on, being portion of the Emirates Group will add more value to Flydubai trade name equity which will do it easier to do clients switch toward our company within the following three old ages. ( For more information on rival analysis, delight mention to Appendix 6 ) Decision: In decision after analysing the environmental micro and macro tendency for Flydubai, we observed that there are two major alterations in our relevant market. First, the addition of the touristry degree in Dubai as we expect the current economic downswing epoch to alter its way towards positive figures in the following three old ages. Besides, the companies holders and business communities attitude towards low cost air hoses is altering by utilizing it as these air hoses are supplying concern work forces services on board such a concern category and wireless cyberspace connexion. The figure of rivals within the low cost air hose industry is traveling to increase in the coming old ages as new air hoses such as Bahrain Airlines starts its operation this twelvemonth. Second, full service air hoses are spread outing their market towards low cost air hose by presenting low monetary value tickets that attract monetary value sensitive consumers. We expect that within the following 10 old ag es a new category degree will come in the market in the GCC part which is trains transit. Besides, a new signifier degree will emerge in the relevant market which is a combination between full services and low cost bearers. Finally, within the following three old ages we expect those alterations in the relevant market to be reshaped impacting the primary and selective demand. Bibliography ( 2009, October 18 ) . Flydubai air hose. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dubaifaqs.com/Flydubai.php McKechnie, D, Grant, J, A ; Katsioloudes, M. ( 2008 ) . Positions and placement: scheme merely stated. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 9 ( 5 ) , Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/3300090502.html Department of the Interior: 1751-5637 ( 2009 ) . Environmental scanning. Wikipedia. Retrieved ( 2009, October 17 ) from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_scanning ( 2009 ) . Flydubai. Wikipedia. Retrieved ( 2009, October 17 ) from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flydubai ( n.d. ) . flydubai, who we are. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.Flydubai.com/whoweare/fleet.aspx ( 2009, June 8 ) . Two more tough old ages for the air hoses. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eturbonews.com/9675/two-more-tough-years-airlines Nagraj, A. ( 2009, September 16 ) . Gloomy skies for the air hose industry. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kippreport.com/2009/09/gloomy-skies-for-the-airline-industry/ Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation, Initials. ( 2009, October 15 ) . Middle East LCC wrap: Air Arabia, Jazeera, Flydubai, nasair, sama and Bahrain Air. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.centreforaviation.com/news/2009/10/15/middle-east-lcc-wrap-air-arabia-jazeera-Flydubai-nasair-sama-and-bahrain-air/page1 Riaz, D, A ; Kapadia, S. ( 2007 ) . Air Arabia, Priced so that you can wing [ 5-14 ] . ( Adobe Digital Edition Version ) , Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //ae.zawya.com/researchreports/efg/20070701_efg_110604.pdf Schewe, , Charles, D, A ; Hiam, A. ( n.d. ) . market cleavage. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.quickmba.com/marketing/market-segmentation/ ( 2009, 10 07 ) . UAE population reaches six million. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j24H1v8s1BWuNXEwptqRIiB_-OOA ( 2009, 10 07 ) . Expat Numberss rise quickly as UAE population touches 6m. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //uaeinteract.com/docs/Expat_numbers_rise_rapidly_as_UAE_population_touches_6m/37883.htm ( 2009, April 7 ) . FlyDubai opens for concern with flights to Beirut and Amman. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ameinfo.com/191649.html ( 2009, October 8 ) . Number of tourers in Dubai set to turn by 40 per cent. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //74.125.153.132/search? q=cache: EPQhPUeolAEJ: www.realtyna.com/dubai_real_estate/dubai-rss-news/number-of-tourists-in-dubai-set-to-grow-by-40-per-cent.html+http: //www.realtyna.com/dubai_real_estate/dubai-rss-news/number-of-tourists-in-dubai-set-to-grow-by-40-per-cent.html A ; cd=1 A ; hl=ar A ; ct=clnk A ; gl=ae Sambidge, Initials. ( 2009, March 18 ) . flydubai appoints pilots, cabin crew. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arabianbusiness.com/549994-Flydubai-appoints-pilots-cabin-crew Sambidge, A. ( 2009, August 11 ) . Dubai tourists up 5 % in H1 functionary. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arabianbusiness.com/564508-dubai-tourists-up-5-in-h1 -official ( 2009, 10 07 ) . UAE population. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.gulfnews.com/articles/09/10/07/10355378.html Redpath, H. ( 2009, June 16 ) . Dubai s First Low Cost Airline Takes Off. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //multivu.prnewswire.com/mnr/Flydubai/38830/ Redpath, H. ( 2009, June 16 ) . Dubai s First Low Cost Airline Takes Off. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20090616081711 Appendix 1 Back Ground information on Flydubai: Flydubai is the UAE 2nd low cost air hose that was established in March,3rd 2008 on the orders of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Prime Minister and Vice-President, and Ruler of Dubai. The company foremost flight was in June 1,2009 to Beirut in Lebanon followed by flights to Amman, Jordan, on June 2, Damascus, Syria, on June 8 and Alexandria, Egypt, on June 9, giving the new air hose a sum of four finishs in merely nine yearss. ( Redpath, 2009 ) . The company had ordered 50 Boeing 737 and is traveling to have 10 aeroplanes each twelvemonth for the following five old ages. ( Flydubai,2009 ) Currently the company runs its operations in Dubai International Airport terminal 2 that was redesigned for the new air hose. Sheikh Ahmed Bin Saeed Al Maktoum, Chairman of Flydubai said: This part is really dependent on air conveyance. It is a great recognition to the vision and leading of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, that this air hose has now taken off, thereby guaranting occupants and visitants likewise will be able to go to more topographic points more frequently. ( Redpath, 2009 ) . The Flydubai theoretical account is simple, with clients merely paying for the services they want. The ticket monetary value includes all revenue enhancements and one piece of manus luggage, weighing up to 10kg, per rider. Passengers have the option to buy checked-in luggage in progress at merely 40AED for the first piece and 100AED for the 2nd, weighing up to 32kgs, capable to handiness. Checked luggage is purely capable to handiness and riders are advised to book early to procure the infinite, as merely pre-purchased luggage can be guaranteed. ( Redpath, 2009 ) Flydubai aims to do travel a small less complex, a small less nerve-racking and a small less expensive, explained Flydubai CEO Ghaith Al Ghaith. Our riders have the option to custom-make their travel experience depending on what services they want and how much they want to pay. ( Redpath, 2009 ) We plan to excite the markets in which we operate and encourage people to go to more topographic points more frequently. Flydubai purpose is non to drive traffic off from the other bearers but to assist turn these markets. When you consider that low cost travel in this part could be every bit small as 2 % of all air travel, as opposed to more than 20 % in Europe and America, it is clear that there is a batch of untapped potency in these markets. ( Redpath, 2009 ) In add-on, Flydubai will wing to airdromes that are presently underserved by the traditional bearers. In a part which is so dependent on air conveyance, we are looking frontward to supplying the world of accessible, low cost, uncomplicated travel ( Redpath, 2009 ) . Appendix 2: Merchandise Market Structure: The above market construction was used to place Flydubai relevant market within the air hose industry in the Middle East part. We started the construction with the most basic demand which is the demand to go in the part. This provided us with three options that include aeroplanes, coachs and autos. The merchandise signifier is divided between full service bearers and low cost bearers as they differentiate in monetary values and services being offered to clients. From this construction we can place Flydubai relevant market within the merchandise signifier degree. This is because the grade of competition and replaceability within the trade name providers are high, as they all offer low monetary values with similar paths within the part. This push the relevant market upwards towards the merchandise signifier degree. Furthermore, Flydubai indirect rivals include Fly Emirates, Etihad air hoses and Saudi air hoses. These full service air hoses are viing with Flydubai indirectly by supplyin g low monetary values with full services. On the other manus our direct rivals include Air Arabia and Al Jazerra air hoses that are both low cost air hoses that perform within the part. Further account on competition will be provided in the Micro analysis in the rivals subdivision. Appendix 3 Macro Environment: In analyzing the external environment of Flydubai in the following three old ages we will concentrate on the Macro and Micro environment. This survey will assist us in happening out the consequence of these external factors on the company in the following few old ages. The Macro environment factors will include Political, economical, societal and technological facets under which Flydubai will be affected by. 1 ) Political Analysis: A ) Government Regulations: Flydubai was established with orders of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Prime Minister and Vice-President, and Ruler of Dubai. Being owned by the Dubai authorities the company faces no troubles in Torahs and ordinances as the air hose industry in the Emirates is dining through the procedure of liberalisation the air hose industry that the United Arab Emirates is accommodating. B ) Political Analysis: In analyzing the overall political environment of the United Arab Emirates, we find it one of the most stable states within the part. Such political attack of peace seeking had made the state a trading hub in the part. This will surely hold its positive consequence on flydubai operations as to execute in stable political environment. C ) Employment Laws: Protecting labours rights and Emiratization is considered the chief facet that the UAE authorities is taking into consideration now a yearss. Companies are now forced to hold a certain per centum that of emirates locals that will increase in the undermentioned old ages as there is more accent on using locals in the private sector. Bing a portion of Emirates Airlines Group, Flydubai will surely accommodate its female parent company in hiring and preparation locals in suited occupations. The challenge that Flydubai will traveling to face is to diminish costs in one manus and supply good paid occupations in the same clip. 2 ) Economic Analysis: A ) Inflation Rate: The rising prices rate in the UAE is predicted to fall from last twelvemonth s 11.1 per centum degree to seven per centum in 2010, harmonizing to a new study. ( Sambidge, 2009 ) . This is considered a positive facet for Flydubai as it will hold its positive effects in cut downing the company costs in oil and land operations. High rising prices rates making to 11 per centum last twelvemonth was a menace to low cost air hoses such as Air Arabia and Al Jazerra Airlines that faced a job of high oil monetary values. This good intelligence will do Flydubai vie even stronger on monetary values as rising prices rates goes down. B ) Economic Analysis: Falling oil monetary values, chilling existent estate and building markets, together with a lag in the touristry sector, particularly in Dubai, means the UAE is expected to post low or perchance negative GDP growing in 2009, harmonizing to analysts. ( Sambidge, 2009 ) . Populating in the current World Financial Economic Crises the UAE economic system in general and Dubai in specific faced a difficult clip in 2009 but analysts forecast that there will be more positive figures in 2010. This information is considered a negative excessively many air hose companies but may be positive to Flydubai as people are now more focal point in cut downing their disbursals as the incomes are reduced. This means their inclination of consumers concentrating more on monetary values which is a positive thing for a low cost air hose. Additionally, analysts forecast that the economic system will turn in 2010 once more and this will surely hold its consequence on the company growing. 3 ) Social Analysis: A ) Demographics: More than 300,000 people will be added to the UAE population this twelvemonth to enter the highest growing of 6.3 per cent in five old ages and Dubai would probably emerge as the fastest turning emirate, official figures show. The rise slights studies that the planetary fiscal turbulency has triggered a mass hegira of exiles out of the state, chiefly Dubai. From 4.75 million in mid 2008, the UAE s population is projected to increase to 5.066 million in mid 2009, showed the figures by the Ministry of Economy. This figure are traveling to increase in the following few old ages which will surely hold its positive effects on the air hose industry in UAE sing that exiles make an approximative per centum of 80.1 of the above figure in 2009 harmonizing to the ministry of economic system. Furthermore, the figures show that the 25-29 twelvemonth age group was the largest in the UAE in mid 2008, standing at 777,186. It was followed by the 30-34 age groups, which was estimated at 754,289 and 35-39 groups of 588,505. This clearly indicates that most of the population is immature and is traveling to determine the touristry and air power market in the following twosome of old ages. B ) Consumer Behavior: Harmonizing to a survey done by Arabian Business web site, it was found that 83 per centum of the respondents would exchange their preferable air hose bearer, for a cheaper monetary value, while 17.6 per centum believed they would see options and merchandise off between the price reduction and lost air stat mis. It can therefore be inferred that pricing plays a important function in consumer behavior and the determination doing procedure particularly in the current economic downswing epoch. Furthermore, client trueness in the low cost bearers is low as it s straight related to monetary value. Flydubai should see this into history and present client trueness plans in order to keep a higher degree of client trueness. ( Glass, 2008 ) . C ) Leisure Interests: 3.85 million tourers had visited the emirate in the first half of 2009, a five per centum addition on the same period of 2008 Harmonizing to Dubai section of Tourism and commercialism selling. This figure strongly shows the current touristry industry market and how attractive it became even though of the current economical downswing. Other figures expect that the figure of tourers will fall compared to 2008 figures but most figures have stated that there will be a positive growing in 2010. D ) Career Attitude: Business travellers are altering their perceptual experience of low cost bearers. As observed by Andrew Cowen, CEO of Same, the market is switching from the traditional major air hoses concern travel towards low cost bearers for trips within the GCC. This altering attitude, supported by the current economic downswing and the addition figure of foreign concerns within GCC states come ining the UAE, shows a tendency of an increasing demand for low cost bearers in the following three old ages. ( High clip for low cost bearers, 2008 ) . Tocopherol ) Technological Development Analysis: Following its female parent company Emirates Airlines, we expect that Flydubai go a market leader in supplying advanced technological solutions to its riders by utilizing the big experience that emirates air hose have. If such way was adapted, it will surely supply the needful strength that Flydubai need in viing with its direct and indirect rivals. Appendix 4 Micro Environment: Stakeholder Analysis: This means to analyse the micro environment which includes the undermentioned factors: the clients, employees, stockholders, media, and the rivals. A ) Customers: Customers who are monetary value conscious are concerned with low cost air hoses. Flydubai has focused on pricing scheme and flexibleness because these two factors play a large function in finding the client s determination procedure on which air hoses they choose to go with. Price scheme and flexibleness of Flydubai include low pricing scheme and easy booking with increased picks. As Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum, Chairman of Flydubai said: As a true low cost air hose we are geared towards supplying our riders with the best monetary value and increased pick. We will run expeditiously and continually germinate to present the best possible merchandise to our clients . ( Flydubai opens for, 2009 ) . The cost of Flydubai from Dubai airdrome to Doha airdrome would be 200DHS, whereas other major air hoses such as ; Emirates or Qatar air hoses would be about 1000 or more for a one manner ticket ( Flydubai place page, 2009 ) . This shows that Flydubai is much cheaper and has manag ed to maintain monetary values low due to the successful usage of their pricing scheme. Furthermore, the figure of tourer from around the universe including the part will turn more than 40 % in the following 3 old ages in Dubai ( Number of tourers, 2009 ) .This shows that there will be increased figure of clients who will utilize Flydubai air hoses within the following three old ages due its successful usage of pricing scheme and flexibleness. B ) Employees: Flydubai air hose has received more than 11,500 applications from flight and cabin crew. There are 18 first officers, 61 captains, and about more than 8000 campaigners for pilots were selected from 12 different nationalities ( Sambidge, 2009 ) . The staff has good experiences and was carefully selected. Harmonizing to Kenneth Gile, main runing officer of Flydubai said: We are highly pleased with the endowment of the pilots we have on board. On norm, they each have more than 4,000 hours functioning every bit captain in similar aircraft and a entire experience of more than 8,000 winging hours this is impressive by any criterion ( Sambidge, 2009 ) . Furthermore, employee and staff cordial reception is really of import. This is because the employees and staff were selected from 12 different nationalities and they need to experience comfy with the new civilization they are confronting in order to work expeditiously. D ) Stockholders: Flydubai is to the full owned by the authorities of Dubai and its considered as a portion of its female parent company the Emirates Group. The company has no other stockholders presently as there its 250 million dirham s capital is wholly raised by the authorities. Tocopherol ) The media: Obviously, through observations, Flydubai has made many advertizements through promotion such as ; Newspapers ( e.g. gulf intelligence ) and internet web sites. However, the chief scheme they used or willing to utilize for their selling scheme is through word of oral cavity ( bombilation ) . Since Flydubai is a low cost air hose, they tend to put low budgets for their advertizements to maintain their monetary values low. So the best manner to carry on an advertizement method for low cost bearers is through word of oral cavity. ( This information is based on analysis due to facts and observations ) . Appendix 5 Primary demand: After doing the environment analysis for the following three old ages and analyzing the current market conditions, we identified Flydubai relevant market at the merchandise signifier degree. This is because there is a high competition within the trade name supply degree coercing it towards the merchandise signifier degree as they all offer low monetary values with similar finishs. After the fiscal crisis, we noticed a displacement toward low cost air hoses as incomes had decreased. This had its effects on the undermentioned primary demand elements that include: Buyer Designation: The figure of clients utilizing the LCC air hoses is late increasing ( www.gulf-daily-news.com ) . Users of LCC Airlines contain all different ages and nationalities. However, these air hoses are concentrating on clients who are concerned about monetary values since it is a low cost air hose. Customers now a yearss are non merely concerted with monetary values but are looking for other services provided along the trip such as land services, easy engagement system and accurate timing agendas. Peoples who are concerned about monetary values look for cheaper air hoses, people who are concerned about comfort expression for comfy seats, and people who are concerned about booking flexibleness expression for easy engagement provided by air hoses. Some low cost air hoses provide these characteristics to clients in order to derive the maximal market portion. The Buying Center As mentioned before, many clients are concerned and prefer air hoses with low monetary values and comfort. The usage of media such as advertisement can be really effectual in client s buying determination procedure. Furthermore, Family, friends, co-workers can besides pull strings or carry the buying determination procedure. Ability: Cost is the chief factor that drives the client to take to go utilizing LCC air hoses. Customers harmonizing to the relevant market will take to wing on air hoses that provide good quality and low monetary values. Furthermore, size is another factor that will impact the ability to purchase in two ways. First, the size of the aeroplanes will impact rider s comfort in long distance flights. Second, size of the airdrome will play a major function because some clients do non like the fact of walking excessively much. For this ground, Dubai Airport provided more services to riders to do them experience comfort while they are in the airdrome which will profit LCC air hoses such as ; Flydubai. Selective Demand We can specify the consumer determination doing procedure as an extended job work outing degree, where they are introduced to a complete new trade name with low trade name cognition. So, Flydubai should infusive more on their trade name individuality through the media and other communicating types in order to enrich consumer s cognition. Once Flydubai had increased the degree of consumer cognition, we expect immense addition in market portion in the following three old ages because the determination devising procedure is traveling to switch from extended job work outing to routine which is low information hunt about the company. Therefore, we expect major alteration within the following three twelvemonth upon the factors we mentioned above. Therefore, to do consumers alter their influence toward our trade name we should concentrate on the undermentioned properties. Properties: Properties are what clients perceived about certain trade name. Our trade name merely launched this twelvemonth ( 2009 ) . Therefore, to enrich Flydubai trade name in client s perceptual experience, we should pay attending to the undermentioned points: Handiness Scheduling Terminal Land services Monetary value Repute Appendix 5 Cleavage The intent of sectioning clients into different groups is to place their different traits and features, so as to recognize demand for new merchandises and increase profitableness ( as Nicholas Ashill had mentioned in a talk ) . For sectioning flydubai clients we need to sort them based on four factors. Each has some constituents that must find. Geographic Segmentation ( population denseness and population growing ) The mark market of flydubai resides in the UAE, particularly in the Emirate of Dubai. Harmonizing to the electronic portal of Gulf News ( a taking English linguistic communication News Paper circulated in the Emirates ) , the population of the UAE is nearing six million presently. In add-on, people shacking in some major metropoliss to which flydubai operates in such as ; Beirut, Amman, Aleppo, Doha, Alexandria, Damascus and Djibouti besides form a major ball of the mark market. Each metropolis mentioned above has huge potency for growing. Demographic cleavage ( business, income and household position ) The mark market largely comprises of business communities and/or employees of companies runing in the Emirates that are frequent travellers to one of the eight finishs. Their degree of income may non be really high. In simple footings, they can be categorized as people belonging to the middle-low to middle income classs. Their grounds for going may be sing household or to take a short trip related to work ( willingness to go will be high ) . Furthermore, clients can besides be pupils that are remaining in the UAE for educational intents and would desire to go back to their hometown whenever there are vacations. Psychographic cleavage ( attitudes and life manner ) The mark market of flydubai may non be taking epicurean life styles ; in fact, they can be classified as people belonging to the middle-low to middle category bracket. They are normally easy traveling people ; they do non hold several demands and easy set with state of affairss. Their demand is merely to acquire from one topographic point to another without being treated specially or in a epicurean mode. However, these people carry a complex set of cultural values which means they give extreme importance to factors such as programming and promptness of flights. Behavioral cleavage ( usage rate, monetary value sensitiveness and benefit sought ) The mark market of flydubai would wish to hold the most convenient journey without holding to pass a immense sum of money on tickets. They are extremely monetary value sensitive and see the benefit by going with us. Overall, we our mark clients are frequent travellers ; they could be business communities, employees, pupils or those who want to return to their hometowns to run into their households. Our mark clients reside in all the eight finishs which show a high potency for growing in the close hereafter. The mark clients fall in the middle-low to middle category bracket ; they portion assorted factors such as income degrees, disbursement forms and life styles. They wish to have the most convenient services at the lowest monetary values possible ( extremely monetary value medium ) . Therefore, by placing the features of our clients we realize the demand for the service needed. Analyzing and understanding the features of our clients will assist us in understanding their demands which would ensue in higher gross revenues and net incomes.

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Free Research Papers Free Research Papers Free Research Papers: Paralympics Games! Before you start writing free research paper, you should choose a topic! While you are choosing, you may read about Sports and Games. This theme is very wide and you may discuss for example some definite kind of sport. People all over the world are very fond of sports and games. That is one of the things, which people of every nationality and class are united. Sport not only helps people to become strong and to develop physically but also makes them more organized and better disciplined in their daily activities. It makes for a healthy mind in a healthy body. Sports help people to keep in good health. Free Research Papers: Paralympics Games. Interesting topic to pay attention is about Paralympics games. Not everyone knows what it is. So, this paragraph is devoted to extra-ordinary kind of sport. The Paralympics Games are a major international multi-sport event where physical disability athletes compete. This competition includes ath letes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and Cerebral Palsy. In your free research papers you should point out that there are winter and summer Paralympics Games, which are followed Olympic Games. All Paralympics Games are governed by the International Paralympics Committee. For the first time, the Olympic Games for the Deaf people, was hold in Paris in 1924. Disability athletes from injuries of musculoskeletal system have been taking part actively in sports only after the Second World War. The first Paralympics Games were hold in the capital of Italy Rome, in 1960. The competition was attended by 400 athletes from 23 countries. The delegation of athletes in Italy has been the most numerous. Your free research paper should open to the reader such information like:In the beginning of 1976 Paralympics tournament under the guidance of the International disabled people Sports Organization became involved with the amputees, and with very low eyesight.Finally, i n 1992 was created the International Paralympics Committee. Now it includes 162 countries. Paralympics sports include: archery, shooting, athletics, cycling, dressage, fencing, judo, weightlifting, shooting, soccer 7x 7, 5 x 5 football, rowing, swimming, sailing, table tennis, tennis and rugby wheelchair, wheelchair basketball, volleyball, dancing on wheelchair. The participation of these unique people in the Paralympics Games is their feat, and our honor. This sense must be shared in your free research papers. Read this article, may be it will inspire you for writing excellent free research paper.

Victor & Rolf brand analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Victor & Rolf brand analysis - Essay Example Two Dutch Designers Viktor Horsting and Rolf Snoeren (amazingly identical to each other in some styles) mutually started this company in 1993, after their Graduation from the same academy, Arnhem Academy of Arts and Design. They said that they got inspiration from a German TV Program and thus decided to come in the fashion world and show their creativity (Menkes 2003). During the whole journey of their Business Viktor & Rolf have made collaboration with many other brands which include Samsonite, Shu Umeura, H&M and Piper Hiedsiek and this list include many others at small scale. Viktor & Rolf had also won certain prizes for their contribution in the fashion industry. They also presented their creations in certain exhibitions, art galleries and festivals and also got appreciation. Both the Founders of Viktor and Rolf are very much famous for their unique and surreal style of presenting their clothing lines. They actually try to twirl mind's eye in to veracity. About the Brand: The bra nd Viktor & Rolf was launched in Paris in 1993 at first. At the start both the founders of Viktor & Rolf assist some other designers and tried on their own ideas in the evening spare time (Viktor & Rolf: A Biography, 2012). Viktor & Rolf offered men’s and women’s wear and also include Haute Couture. ... In the mid of 2000’s, Viktor & Rolf entered in to the new voyage and offered a fragrance for women, in collaboration with L’Oreal, naming the Flowerbomb. Later they themselves progressed in this perfume industry. The Dutch Designers Viktor & Rolf are popular for their claims to change the imaginations in to the real world. The news has been roaming around from the start of 2013 that this year Victor & Rolf are again presenting their old Haute Couture fashion back and thus celebrating the 20 years of success in this way (Diderich 2013). Products: The company under the brand name of Viktor & Rolf is providing apparels, Clothing, shoes, perfumes, eye-wares and other accessories. Viktor & Rolf are working on men and women wear, ready to wear clothes, Haute Couture (special kind of fancy but hand-made clothing) and a perfume line also. Initially these clothing lines were introduced only for females only later on the lines for men were also introduced. Within all these produc t lines, the prominent and appealing feature is the creativity and innovativeness among the offers. Flowerbomb was the First ever perfume launched by Viktor & Rolf. This product was launched in Paris in the mid of 2000’s. The ladies perfume launched by the fashion brand, Viktor and Rolf, is so much popular that everyone wants to have it in her perfume collection. They are also working on the fragrances which can be offered for males. The bottle of the perfume Flowerbomb is like hand grenade. Its unique shape and sweet fragrance also adds points to the offered product. It is also included in the list of top ranking women perfumes (Smith 2005). The perfume Flowerbomb after gaining much success, launched in US, hoping to catch the huge market as

Leadership and Nursing Systems Management Essay - 1

Leadership and Nursing Systems Management - Essay Example Patient care managers form the next level, and these oversee patient care directly. Finally, the service providers are at the lowest level and include nurses and physical therapists. Meeting the Mission Highland Hospital recognizes that everyone has value and is guided by their commitment to leadership and excellence. The Hospital demonstrates this through provision of emotional and physical care for patients and their families, balancing continued commitment to needy patients with highly specialized care for its broader community, creating a working environment that values everyone and offers them the opportunity for professional and personal growth, and fosters a culture of innovation and health science research. Values in Action The four core values at Highland Hospital are service, dignity, justice, and excellence, which guide the actions of its staff. Everyone on the staff is committed to the values indicated and work towards ensuring they are present in their relationship with one another and the patients and their families. Each interaction acts as an opportunity for the staff to serve patients, their families, and one another. Excellence is acted out in their professional development, innovation, accountability, and quality commitment. With regards to dignity, every member of the staff and the patients are valuable members of the community. Finally, with regards to justice, the hospital advocates for structures and systems attuned to the requirements of needy and vulnerable patients. Proposed Change Description and Rationale The shift handover is an essential part of the process of communication among nurses that occurs twice within the gynecological unit nurses’ day at... This paper approves that empirical rational strategy was also utilized in ensuring that the nurses were convinced of the change’s veracity through references to documentary evidence on bedside reporting’s positive outcome, such as improvement of patient satisfaction. Informal leaders empowered by transformational leadership were also encouraged to own part of the change by entrusting to them various responsibilities as role models. This strategy is successful as it encourages nurses to participate in the creation of behavioral and attitude change. This essay makes a conclusion that one major difficulty that faces any change in nursing units, including the gynecology unit, is rallying all nurses behind the change. Re-education, therefore, will have to be used to aid nurses in valuing the change and new knowledge they will gain, as well as readying them to learn. Different tasks, therefore, are identified for future use, such as how to deal with confidentiality issues and patients who may take up too much time in discussing their problems that could drag the handover shift longer, are allocated to nursing team members with regards to their area of expertise. This will prepare them to deal with any issues in the future that could threaten the use of bedside reporting. In dealing with various conflicts that could arise, a humanistic and flexible approach is adopted, while the resistance of some nurses should never be overlooked. Effort is made to ensure that a good relationship between nurses is maintained, while also highlighting safety needs and factors of motivation.

Pulmonary Rehabiliation Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pulmonary Rehabiliation Program - Essay Example Pulmonary rehabilitation aims in reduction in the number of patients that suffer COPD. . Exercise training that is incorporated in the program is to enable keeping fit through upper body exercises and lower body exercises. This increases the strength of those with the condition. The program developed in the program enables understanding of treatment plan. This makes the program useful for those with the condition of COPD. Exercise training is the foundation of pulmonary rehabilitation. There is urge that there is undertaking exercises to keep the body healthy. In pulmonary rehabilitation, Exercise training is based on general principles of exercise physiology that needs all that undergo the exercise are to carry out: intensity, specificity, and reversibility. As peripheral muscle weakness contributes to exercise limitation in patients with lung disease, strength training is a rational component of exercise training during PR (Braddom & Buschbacher, 2007). Hence, resistance training that involves the upper arms is also important as it enables the ability to carry out the ADL and some muscles of the upper-arm also serve as other muscles of respiration. This aspect is an essential in pulmonary rehabilitation. There are two types of exercise that are involved. Endurance is a component and exercise training which involve dynamic activities of large muscles which are performed three or four times in a week. This is with a consumption of less than 50% of maximum oxygen consumption (Braddom & Buschbacher, 2007). Endurance induces structural and physiological adaptation that provide the trained individual for performance of activities which are of high intensity. Lower extremely training is the mainstay that is used in endurance training but there is recommendation of incorporating more extreme training. The optimal training duration that is recommended is that which is greater than 30 minutes. The effect of sustainable training on

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Religion - Essay Example His ideas on life were that the soul was bound in the body awaiting its release and the eventual return to its original source in the other world. This transformation can be experienced during the present through personal purification. In many of his teachings, Attar has exemplified the essence of a pure life and the mortality of the human body (Attar, 19). In one of his many poems, Attar writes, â€Å"Life be it long or short is composed of few breaths. Whoever is born must also die. You were nourished for death; and you were brought into the world in order to be taken away from it.† (Attar, 13). nourished for death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The statement summarizes the whole poetic line. Attar tries to show that mankind is naturally mortal. All that a man goes through prepares him for the life after in the next world. The spiritual growth of a human being is a process of ‘nourishment’. In short, according to Attar, Mankind lives to die. The ultimate result of life is transformation to the afterlife through death (Attar, 23). Learners of Attar’s theories should therefore live their lives nourish themselves spiritually for the next stage of their lives. It makes them realize that they are mortal and they should be prepared for the death and the afterlife (Attar, 24). Still on the topic of religious theories, we should look at The Bhagavad Gita, a Hindu devotional book. The book also offers insight and guidance on death and how mankind should be prepared for it. The book states in part, â€Å"The soul never takes birth and never dies at any time nor does it come into being again when the body is created. The soul is birth less, eternal, imperishable and timeless and is never terminated when the body is terminated† (Zaener, 11). The Bhagavad Gita has the same notion in it with the Attar poetry. It shows that the soul is eternal and imperishable. It is, just like in Attar’s case, housed by the body but when the body is terminated, the

One-Child Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One-Child Policy - Essay Example From the research "One-Child Policy" it is clear that the Policy contributed to increased saving by individuals and provided better support to children’s higher education. It also helped to provide better healthcare services to women and reduced pregnancy-related risks. The policy proved hugely beneficial in terms of increased employment, reduced burden on natural resources and rate of exploitation. The overhead cost of social service and social maintenance and problems associated with overpopulation like poverty, epidemics, law enforcement etc were considerably reduced. This helped the government to focus on economic growth. The policy has come under flak for myriad reasons. While forced abortion and infanticide are cited as major human right violations, many social problems have also emerged with the single child. It has resulted in abnormal sex ratio and it is expected that there would be 30 million more men than women by 2020! It is also believed that spacing birth would h ave yielded the same result as the policy. Most importantly, the dependency of the elderly population on young generation has significantly increased which could ultimately impact their overall welfare. The one child policy was an important initiative to control burgeoning population which was already under huge pressure from many spheres of the public good. The overpopulation not only increases dependency on the state and increases overhead costs, it also adversely impacts social policies like employment, environment considerations and economic growth. The policy proved quite effective in controlling population dynamics and promoted higher economic growth and employment. Environment efforts also got the boost as large volumes of waste were significantly reduced. It was also important element of the national saving as it motivated individuals towards higher saving and investment for

Define the utility of Katharine Kolcabas Comfort theory for Essay

Define the utility of Katharine Kolcabas Comfort theory for application to clinical practice using an actual clinical problem you observed - Essay Example This meeting of needs may be addressed physically, socioculturally, psychospiritually or environmentally. Whatever the means adopted, the ultimate aim is to reduce the discomfort of the patient which is perhaps the primary goal of any nursing care activity. Although it may be impossible to utilize all contexts (physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural or environmental) simultaneously; there is yet the possibility of utilizing the maximum modes possible, all aim at reducing discomfort while enhancing the feeling of comfort (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2011). In my opinion, one of the main problems that are encountered in the clinical setting on frequent basis is the care of patients having impaired integrity of skin, especially those patients who are unable to move on their own and are therefore immobilized to a variable extent. This group of patients comprises a special population who are destined towards a slow decline in their health status if appropriate measures are not taken during the early stages of their illness. As skin is the main barrier between the external and internal environment of the body, any defect in this barrier is likely to expose the individual to a variety of pathogens that can not only infect the dermatological tissue, but also invade the body, affect other organs and destroy the homeostasis of the body ultimately resulting in an unfavorable outcome (Freinkel & Woodley, 2001). A gravely uncomfortable consequence of impaired skin integrity is seen in the form of development of pressure-sores in patients are immobilized for extended periods of time. These lesions result due to the presence of persistent pressure on certain areas of the body and can ultimately contribute towards the fatality of the disease for which a patient is under treatment. The intervention designed for the chosen problem includes a number of measures that are collectively

One-Child Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One-Child Policy - Essay Example From the research "One-Child Policy" it is clear that the Policy contributed to increased saving by individuals and provided better support to children’s higher education. It also helped to provide better healthcare services to women and reduced pregnancy-related risks. The policy proved hugely beneficial in terms of increased employment, reduced burden on natural resources and rate of exploitation. The overhead cost of social service and social maintenance and problems associated with overpopulation like poverty, epidemics, law enforcement etc were considerably reduced. This helped the government to focus on economic growth. The policy has come under flak for myriad reasons. While forced abortion and infanticide are cited as major human right violations, many social problems have also emerged with the single child. It has resulted in abnormal sex ratio and it is expected that there would be 30 million more men than women by 2020! It is also believed that spacing birth would h ave yielded the same result as the policy. Most importantly, the dependency of the elderly population on young generation has significantly increased which could ultimately impact their overall welfare. The one child policy was an important initiative to control burgeoning population which was already under huge pressure from many spheres of the public good. The overpopulation not only increases dependency on the state and increases overhead costs, it also adversely impacts social policies like employment, environment considerations and economic growth. The policy proved quite effective in controlling population dynamics and promoted higher economic growth and employment. Environment efforts also got the boost as large volumes of waste were significantly reduced. It was also important element of the national saving as it motivated individuals towards higher saving and investment for

Remington Consulting Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Remington Consulting Group - Essay Example This report includes analysis of Remington Consulting in the context of human capital management and low labor turn over. It contains relevant theories and analysis of those in the context of the organization. In addition to that, the report also includes the major issues that are arising out of low labor turnover and recommended selection process. Recommendations have been developed for consideration by the Board of Directors and Director of Human Resources based on deficiencies identified, and strategies to overcome limitations. Recommendations include the development of a program for human capital management; accepting higher turnover; embracing innovation in the organization; adopting strategic human resource selection criteria and processes and adopting modern HRM practices. This includes restructuring the organizational boundaries for a move towards dynamic responsibilities, and extensive use of innovation. This study is a case study of Remington Consulting Group. This study was assigned to a unit assignment. The study has been laid out in several sections. Sections include the executive summary; terms of reference; procedure; findings; conclusions and recommendations; references and appendices. The study has been conducted in several phases. The first phase was an overview of the case. This was followed by the review of relevant literature in the form of textbooks, academic publications, case studies, reports. Material from publications was synthesized to analyze the Remington case scenario. This method was considered ideal for the study as it allowed review of a wide range of literature to evaluate the study, and identify good practices. Conclusions were drawn based on the analysis, and recommendations were developed. Findings from the review of literature have been analyzed.

Operating a Fleet of Electric Taxis Essay Example for Free

Operating a Fleet of Electric Taxis Essay Abstract. The deployment of electric taxi ? eets is highly desirable from a sustainable point of view. Nevertheless, the weak autonomy of this kind of vehicles requires a careful operation. The way of managing such a ? eet and the question of locating charging terminals for the vehicles are addressed in this paper. Methods for dealing with these tasks are proposed and their e? ciency is proved through simulations. 1. Introduction 1. 1. Context. Centrale OO 1 is a pioneering project aiming to deploy in Paris a ? eet of 100 % electric taxis. The company in charge of the management of the ? eet is the Soci? t? du Taxi Electrique Parisien (STEP).ee The deployment of such ? eets ? nds is main motivation in sustainable issues: electric vehicles release almost no air pollutants at the place where they are operated and have less noise pollution than internal combustion engine vehicles. However, the main drawback of an electric vehicle is its weak autonomy – 80 km in the case of the Centrale OO project. In taxi ? eet management, two kinds of requests can be di? erentiated: booking requests and opportunistic requests. The ? rst ones can be immediate or in advance of travel and have to be processed by the taxi dispatching system which assigns the request to a taxi. The opportunistic requests correspond to the traditional taxi services picking up passengers at cab-ranks or from the side of the road. Of course, this kind of requests is not processed by the dispatching system. The constraints of the management, as expressed by the STEP, are †¢ A taxi must never break down †¢ An opportunistic demand inside Paris and its suburbs must always be satis? ed (legal environment of Paris) †¢ The number of booking demands accepted has to be maximized The charging problem of the taxis must therefore be carefully addressed. At a tactical level, a good assignment of the trips to the taxis is crucial. We propose an e? cient way to manage the electric ? eet in real-time while taking into account the charging tasks. At a strategic level, the charging problem includes the determination of the best location for the charging terminals. The signi? cant initial investment (the cost of an electrical charging terminal is about 20. 000 euros) and the restricted vehicle autonomy give a high relevancy to the charging terminal location task. Indeed, a wrong placement may in e? ect lead to a poor ? eet management with vehicles having di?culties to charge the batteries due to charging terminals saturation or even with vehicles constantly running out of charge to keep operating. Our purpose is to propose a practical way for computing the â€Å"best† locations for the charging terminals. 1. 2. Model. We describe now formally the model we deal with in this paper. We derive also some elementary relations, which gives some informations on the capacity of a given system (in terms of number of trips that can be realized by unit of time). 1. 2. 1. Input description. A complete directed graph G = (V, A) models the network. The vertices are points in the city at which trips start and ? nish. They can moreover be used to locate vehicle charging terminals. The arcs model the possible trips. The duration of a trip is a random variable Ta of expectation ? a . The Key words and phrases. charging terminal location; electric vehicles; ? eet management system; mixed integer programming; simulation; taxi dispatching. This project has been funded by R? gion Ile de France. e 1 See the website http://taxioo. com/index. html for an artistic view. 1 hal-00721875, version 2 31 Jul 2012 demand for each possible trip a ? A is assumed to follow a Poisson process of rate ? a . Actually, this demand is split between a booking demand and an opportunistic demand, see Section 5 for a more accurate description. There are n taxis. A taxi consumes ? Wh by unit of time when it is moving. It stores ? Wh by unit of time when it is charging. The number of charging terminals is denoted by r. Several terminals can be located at the same vertex. ? 1. 2. 2. Elementary relations. Let us denote by ? a the average number of demands for a trip a that are ? a ? ?a . accepted by unit of time. We have ? 1 ? ? ? ?a ? a be the Let ? = ? a be the average number of trips accepted by unit of time and let ? = ? ? a? A a? A average duration of an accepted trip. ? The energy consumption of the system by unit of time is ? . The maximal rate of supply in energy is ? r. Therefore, we have the following inequality (1) ? ? ? ? r hal-00721875, version 2 31 Jul 2012 A second inequality can be derived by considerations on the time needed to perform the di? erent tasks. Let us consider a taxi over a time window of su? ciently large duration T . Denote by x the time during ? which it stores energy at a charging terminal. Over the time window, it spends in average T n unit of time with a customer on board. Therefore, we have ? T +x? T n During this duration x, it stores a quantity of energy that must cover in average the consumption over the time window. Hence ? ?T ? ? x n Combining these two inequalities leads to (2) ? (? + ? ) ? n Equations (1) and (2) can be summarized in the following inequality. (3) ? ? ? min ? r n , (? + ? )? Knowing the number of taxis, their e? ciency (encoded by ? ), the number of charging terminals, and their e? ciency (encoded by ?), then an upper bound of the number of trips that can be accepted by unit of time can be calculated. 1. 3. Plan. Section 2 is devoted to the literature review for the two problems addressed in this paper, namely ? eet management and charging terminal location. The following sections – Section 3 and Section 4 – detail the approaches proposed for each of these problems. Next, we describe a simulator that has been implemented for the evaluation of the proposed approaches (Section 5). The results of the experiments are described in Section 6. The paper ends with concluding remarks (Section 7). 2. Literature review 2. 1. Taxi dispatching. Traditional taxi dispatching systems are characterized by two principles. First, simple rules such as for example â€Å"nearest vehicle ? rst† or â€Å"least utilized ? rst† are used for dynamic vehicle assignment and second, the geographical space is usually divided into zones. In the literature, most of works on the topic basically focus on customer waiting time minimization by proposing improved methods for rule-based systems. In this context, Shrivastava et al. [SCMK97] describe a fuzzy model for rule selection and Alshamsi et al. [AAR09] propose a new technique for dynamically divide the dispatch areas. The recent apparition of transportation technologies (GPS, EDI, GIS) has widely increased the opportunities for ? eet management optimization. It is also the case for taxi dispatching. For example, Seow et 2 hal-00721875, version 2 31 Jul 2012 al. [SDL10] propose a collaborative model for taxi dispatching where a set of n taxis of the same zone are de? ned as the agents of the model and a set of n customers as the service-requests. The objective is then to maximize the total service quality solving a collaborative linear assignment problem. However, taxi dispatching is not the only aspect that can be optimized. For example, Lee et al. [LSP08] and Jia et al. [Jia08] use real-time vehicle information to propose a model for taxi relocation recommendation based on demand forecasting and a probability model for the design of taxi stops, respectively. Another approach for ? eet management optimization consists in modeling the problem as a variant of the Pick-up and Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (PDVRPTW). The idea is to plan a set of routes satisfying known in advance customer requests. In the taxi management context, Wang et al. [WLC09] propose a bi-criteria two-phase method with an initial feasible assignment ? rst and a tabu search improvement later in order to minimize the number of vehicles and the sum of travel times for advanced bookings. However, the idea to block some vehicles only for advanced bookings might in some cases yield to a ? eet underutilization. Horn and al. [Hor02] and Meng et al. [MMYH10] try to ? ll the gap between simple non-optimized rule-based taxi dispatching systems and static routing approaches. The second paper describes a genetic network programming in order to ?nd the optimal balance between the waiting time and the detour time. The work of Horn [Hor02] is of particular interest in relation to the present work, proposing a taxi dispatching system architecture similar to our ? eet management system. He proposes a system for vehicle travel time minimization composed by a set of insertion algorithms to decide whether a new customer is accepted or not and a set of optimization mechanisms in order to improve the solution. However, some important di? erences exist between our work and these last two ? eet management systems. The ?rst di? erence is that in our case, the constraints related to the restricted autonomy of the vehicles have also to be taken into account by scheduling charging tasks in the routes of the vehicles. The second di? erence is that, unlike us, both articles deal with the multi-customer problem authorizing customers to share the same vehicle at the same time. 2. 2. Location issue. The location problem was originally de? ned by Webber when he considered how to position a single warehouse minimizing the total distance between the warehouse and a set of customers [Web29]. In 1964, Hakimi [Hak64] de? nes the P-median problem, the problem consists in determining the best location for a set of limited facilities in order to minimize the sum of the weighted distances between the clients and the facilities serving these clients. The problem increases its relevance during the last decades. High costs related to property acquisition and facility construction make facility location projects a critical aspect of strategic planning for a wide range of private and public ? rms. Indeed, the fact that facility location projects are long-term investments leads the researchers to focus on dynamic and stochastic location problems (see [OD98] for a review of this extension of the problem). Another important variant of the problem is the Capacitated Facility Location Problem (CFLP) where facilities have a constraining upper limit on the amount of demand they can satisfy. An extension of the CFLP closely to our problem is the Capacitated Facility Location Problem with Multiple facilities in the same site (CFLPM). In charging terminal location, the positions of the terminals are not the only decision variables, the number of terminals at each position have to be ? xed too. However, in some real-world applications, selecting the best location for distance minimization is not the best suitable choice. For example, in electric vehicle charging terminal location, like in other critical applications such as ambulance and ? re terminal location, the interest is to guarantee that the di? erent geographic zones are covered by a facility (closer than a previously ?xed covering distance). This class of problems are known as Covering Location Problems (see [WC74], [SVB93] and more recently [VP10] for a complete review of covering problems). In that context, the covering issue can be sometimes modelled as a problem constraint. However, if the covering distance is ? xed to a small value the problem might become unfeasible. The Maximal Covering Location Problem (MCLP) [CR74] locates the facilities in order to maximize the number of covered customers (customers with a distance to the nearest facility smaller than an initial ?xed distance). An extension of the problem is the maximal covering with mandatory closeness problem which imposes a maximal distance (less stringent than the covering distance) between the geographical zones and the nearest facility [CR74]. These covering models implicitly assume that if a geographical zone is covered by a facility then the facility will be always available to serve the demand. However, in some applications, when facilities have a ? xed capacity, being covered is not su? cient to guarantee the demand satisfaction. We ? nd 3 in the literature some models attempting to overcome this issue by maximizing the number of geographical zones covered by multiple facilities [DS81, HR86, GLS97]. 3. Fleet management We describe in this section two ways for managing the ? eet, a classical and rule-based one (Subsection 3. 1), and an improved one trying to address explicitly the charging issue (Subsection 3. 2). Let us ? rst introduce some notations. Let CRi be a booking customer request. Each customer request CRi is de? ned by a start time Si and an origin-destination pair Oi ? Di . The Si is ? xed by the customer when the customer request arrives. The completion time of a trip is Ci = Si + ? Oi Di , where ? Oi Di is the travel time between the origin and destination of the customer request CRi . Finally, let R : CTj be a taxi charging task scheduled on the charging terminal CTj . 3. 1. A classical rule-based taxi dispatching system. A taxi dispatching system based on the principles of the most common real-world systems (see for example [SCMK97], [LWCT04] or [AAR09]) is described in this section. The architecture of the current taxi dispatching systems are very similar to the system illustrated in Figure 1. The two main components of the system are (1) a customer acceptation mechanism deciding for each new customer if it is accepted (the accepted customers are inserted into a queue of customers) or rejected and (2) a rule-based mechanism assigning accepted customer requests (trips) to the free taxis. For each accepted trip i, the assigning process has to start a few minutes (? ) before the ? xed start time (Si ) in order to maximize the chances to ? nd a taxi to attend the demand. Once a trip is assigned to a taxi, the vehicle is automatically blocked and the taximeter begins counting. hal-00721875, version 2 31 Jul 2012 Customer Request Rule? based Customer Acceptation Mechanism Time? ordered queue of customers CRn CR2 CR1 Figure 1. Rule-based taxi dispatching system A rule for customer acceptation using the time windows for the trips already accepted is proposed. The idea is to limit the trips that have to be performed at the same time in order to minimize the number of not served customers and to establish a margin of k vehicles to attend opportunistic customers. For each new customer request CRnew the Algorithm 1 determines if it is accepted or not. Algorithm 1: Rule-based checking for customer acceptation for a margin of k vehicles L = {CR1 , CR2 , . . . , CRn }, list of already accepted customers CRnew , new booking customer request nC 0, number of trips performed at the same time than CRnew foreach CRi of L do if CRi is executed at the same time than CRnew ((Si ? Snew Ci ) or (Snew ? Si Cnew ) then Step 1: Increase the number of customers performed at the same time than CRnew (nC nC + 1) if condition to accept the customer (nC n ? k) then Step 2: Insert CRnew to the list of accepted customers L 4. Once the customer request CRi is accepted, it remains in the queue of customers until Si ? ? (? is usually ? xed around 20 minutes). At that moment, the system automatically starts looking for a free taxi having su? cient charge to operate the trip. If di? erent taxis are available, the system assigns the trip to the taxi minimizing the customer waiting time (a parameterizable not announced customer waiting time can be authorized). In the case of no vacant taxis are available, the system waits for a vehicle to become available. If the waiting time for any request exceeds the authorized maximal customer waiting time ?, the customer request is then canceled. Note that the number of unsatis? ed customers can be reduced by using a more restrictive rule for the customer acceptation mechanism. The main advantage of such a system where no future work is planned is the high degree of independence for taxi drivers. On the other hand, the drawbacks are the underutilization of the ? eet and the lost of e? ciency during the peak hours when most of the companies have to close their booking requests systems in order to avoid unsatis? ed customers. Indeed, some real-world systems do not integrate a customer acceptation mechanism leading, in rush hours, to unsatis?ed customers who had been initially accepted and they are ? nally served with an unannounced and, sometimes, intolerable delay or, eventually, never served at all. Furthermore, the charging tasks of the vehicles cannot be controlled leading to a poor ? eet management with vehicles having di? culties to charge the batteries due to charging terminals saturation. 3. 2. The improved electric vehicle management system. An improved ? eet management system aiming to overcome the weakness of the rule-based taxi dispatching system is proposed in this section. The main objectives of the system are to maximize the number of accepted customers and to minimize the customer waiting time. One of the major issues is how to deal with opportunistic demand. Indeed, this kind of demand is unpredictable and must always be satis? ed, so free taxis must be at any moment able to satisfy the longest trip without running out of charge. This constraint makes the problem considerably more complex forcing the system to provide a mechanism ensuring the feasibility of the already accepted trips each time an opportunistic demand is accepted. The approach proposed consists in maintaining continuously a feasible planning for the taxis and the charging terminals (see Figure 2). Each time a customer asks for a trip, a simple insertion algorithm is run, at the end of which either the trip has been successfully inserted or not. The objective is to assign the customer to the taxi minimizing the customer waiting time (a parameterizable announced customer waiting time can be authorized). If none of the tried delays on the pick-up time leads to a feasible planning, a rescheduling algorithm allowing to reallocate the already accepted customers to the taxis is run. In all these processes, a key routine is often called, namely the charging task manager, which schedules the charging tasks of a taxi, given a planning for the other taxis and the charging terminals. Feasible planning:Temporal and autonomy? related constraints are satisfied Taxi 1 hal-00721875, version 2 31 Jul 2012 Taxi 2 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111111 000000 111 000 111 000 CR2 111 000 111 000 CR1 R : CT1 CR4 R : CT2 CR5 VEHICLES Customer Customer Request Acceptation Mechanism Feasible Planning Taxi 000000 n 111111 111111 000000 111111 000000 CR3 R : CT1 111111 000000 111111 000000 1111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000 Taxi n Taxi 1 CT1 CHARGING TERMINALS CT2 Taxi 2 Figure 2. Customer acceptation mechanism of the electric vehicle management system In the case of an opportunistic demand, which is necessarily accepted, we follow exactly the same scheme except that there is no degree of freedom in the insertion process: the trip is inserted at the front of the planning of the taxi stopped by the customer, and the rescheduling algorithm is also run if it is necessary. 5 3. 2. 1. Insertion algorithm. This algorithm is the ?rst step in order to decide if a new trip CRnew is accepted or not. The objective is to assign the trip to the taxi minimizing the delay on the pick-up time (see Algorithm 2). The algorithm increasely tests the di? erent authorized pick-up times. Once the start time is ? xed, we sequentially try for each vehicle to insert the new request. First the scheduled charging tasks are removed. Then the new request is accepted only if it can be inserted with no constraint violation (the pick-up times of the rest of customers are respected and the current autonomy of the vehicle, without any charging task, is su? cient). In the case that the vehicle autonomy-related constraint is violated, a greedy algorithm trying to schedule a charging task between each pair of trips is proposed. After the charging tasks are inserted, if the taxi is able to perform the trips without running out of charge, then the customer request is also accepted. Algorithm 2: New request insertion algorithm for a maximal authorized delay of ? minutes V = {V1 , V2 , . . . , Vr }, list of taxis CRnew , new booking customer request accepted f alse, variable indicating if the new request is accepted st Snew , start time of the trip while st ? Snew + ?and accepted = f alse do foreach vi of V do Step 1: Delete the charging tasks of the vehicle vi if CRnew starting at st can be inserted in the route of the vehicle vi then if the vehicle autonomy-related constraint is satis? ed then Step 2: CRnew starting at st is inserted in the route of the vehicle vi (accepted true) else Step 3: Insert charging tasks for vi between each pair of trips if the vehicle autonomy-related constraint is satis? ed then Step 2: CRnew starting at st is inserted in the route of the vehicle vi (accepted true) if accepted = f alse then Step 4: Increase the pick-up time for the CRnew (st st + 1) hal-00721875, version 2 31 Jul 2012 3. 2. 2. Rescheduling algorithm. The rescheduling algorithm is proposed when the new customer is still not accepted after the insertion algorithm. As for the insertion algorithm, the goal is to ? nd a new feasible planning for the vehicles integrating the new request CRnew . The main di? erence is that the trips can be reassigned to di? erent vehicles. The problem without taking into account the autonomy-related constraints can be solved in polynomial time [NSZ02]. The idea is to convert the schedule of trips (without the charging tasks) into a graph and to verify using a max ? ow computation that all trips can be performed by the taxis. To construct the network two vertices are considered for each customer request CRi , the ? rst one vi represents the pick-up time and the second one vi the completion time of the customer request. Four dummy vertices are required: 0, 0 , a source s and a sink t. The arcs of the graph are (s, 0), (0 , t), all the (s, vi ), all the (vi , t), all the (vi , vi ), and all the (vi , vj ) such that the customer request CRj can be performed by the same taxi than the customer request CRi and after CRi , that means if Sj ?Ci + ? Di Oj . Except the arcs (s, 0) and (0 , t), they all have a capacity equal to 1. The arcs (s, 0) and (0 , t) have a capacity equal to n. A maximum ? ow computation in this directed graph determines the schedule feasibility and also proposes a new planning for the vehicles respecting the customers pick-up times. The max ? ow computation is integrated in the rescheduling algorithm in order to check the feasibility of the schedule for a given pick-up time st ? [Snew , Snew + ? ] and, if it is the case, to ? nd a reference planning (planning without charging tasks). A local search explores the neighborhood of the reference planning de? ned by the swap and the reallocation operators [Sav92]. Finally, for each explored planning respecting temporal constraints, the greedy algorithm for charging task scheduling is sequentially applied to the taxis that do not satisfy autonomy-related constraints (that is, taxis whose current charge is not enough to perform all 6 the trips assigned to them without adding charging tasks). If a feasible solution is found, the new customer is then accepted. 3. 2. 3. Charging task manager. As we have already seen, the insertion and the rescheduling algorithm constantly runs a greedy algorithm aiming to insert a charging task between each pair of successive trips of the same route. The algorithms proposed to determine if a new charging task can be integrated in a speci? c charging terminal planning are described in this subsection. The main feature of our problem is that the processing time of the new charging task is not ? xed, instead it is a decision variable de?ned between the interval limited by the minimal charging time for a vehicle pmin (customizable parameter) and the maximal charging time corresponding to the time necessary for a full charge. The problem to be solved by the charging terminal manager can be then formally stated as follows. A charging task Ri is de? ned by its time window [ri , di ], where ri is the earliest start time (earliest arrival time to the terminal) and di the latest end time (latest departure time from the terminal). Let pi be the decision variable corresponding to the processing time of the task Ri , then ri ? Si and Si + pi ? di , where Si is the e? ective start time of Ri . Given a feasible schedule of n charging tasks S n = {S1 , S2 , . . . , Sn , } for the charging terminals located at the same geographical position. We are given a new charging task Rn+1 with a time window [rn+1 , dn+1 ] and a processing time pn+1 inside the interval pmin ? pn+1 ? pmax . The problem consists in ? nding a new n+1 feasible schedule S n+1 = {S1 , S2 , . . . , Sn , Sn+1 } maximizing the processing time of the task Rn+1 (whence without changing the processing time of the other tasks). The mechanism tests ? rst a task insertion aiming to ? nd quickly a feasible solution. The complexity of the algorithm for task insertion maximizing the processing time of the new task is O(n) where the start times and completion times of the scheduled jobs are non-decreasing ordered. If no solution is found after the task insertion algorithm, a dichotomous algorithm allowing to reschedule the tasks is proposed in order to ? nd a solution maximizing the processing time of the new task. For each iteration of the algorithm, a satis? ability test based on constraint propagation involving energetic reasoning is ?rst triggered. The goal of the feasibility test is to detect an inconsistency indicating that it is not possible to ? nd a feasible schedule integrating the new task. Finally, if the energetic reasoning is not conclusive a local search algorithm is proposed in order to ? nd a solution. Satis? ability test: Energetic reasoning. A satis? ability test based on constraint propagation involving energetic reasoning is proposed [LE96]. A ? ctitious energy (which has nothing to do with the electricity) is produced by the charging terminals and it is consumed by the charging tasks. We determine the ? ctitious energy consumed by the tasks (Econsumed ) over a time interval ? = [t1 , t2 ] and we compare this ? ctitious energy with the available ? ctitious energy (Eproduced = m ? (t2 ? t1 )). The minimal ? ctitious energy consumed by the tasks in an interval ? = [t1 , t2 ] is: n+1 hal-00721875, version 2 31 Jul 2012 (4) Econsumed = i=1 max{0, min{pi , t2 ? t1 , ri + pi ? t1 , t2 ? di + pi }} If Econsumed Eproduced , it is then impossible to ? nd a feasible schedule S n+1 integrating the new task. The relevant intervals ? for a complete satis? ability analysis can be enumerate in O(n2 ). The test is restricted to the intervals [t1 , t2 ] speci? ed by {ri } ? {di } ? {ri + pi } ? {di ? pi } where the new task Rn+1 may consume (t1 ? dn+1 and t2 ? rn+1 ). Dichotomous algorithm. A dichotomous algorithm maximizing the processing time of the new task is described in this section (see Algorithm 3). A dichotomy is run on the processing time p as follows. For processing times p ? [pmin , pmax ], the satis? ability test based one the energetic reasoning indicates whether n+1 the necessary conditions are satis? ed or not. If it is the case, a local search mechanism tries to ? nd a feasible schedule. The parallel machine scheduling problem with time windows can be solved by a list scheduling algorithm. It means there exists a total ordering of the jobs (i. e. , a list) that, when a given machine assignment rule is applied, reaches the optimal solution. For our problem, this rule consists in allocating each task to the machine that allows it to start at the earliest (Earliest Start Time or EST rule). The local search mechanism proposed to solve the problem is based on this result. First, the tasks are ordered in a non-decreasing order of their due dates (Earliest Due Date or EDD rule), then the local search consists in 7 exploring di?erent permutations of the list de? ned by the insertion neighborhood (O(n2 )). For each list of task, the machines are assigned according to the EST rule in order to reach a feasible solution. If no feasible schedule is eventually found, the request is rejected. Algorithm 3: Dichotomous algorithm for processing time maximization min pmin max pmax n+1 n+1 Sbest ? while min ? max do Step 1: Fix the processing time p of the new task Rn+1 (p min+max ) 2 if Satisf iabilityT est() then Step 2: Sort the tasks according to the EDD rule Step 3: Local search using the insertion operator if a feasible schedule S n+1 = {S1 , S2 , .. . , Sn , Sn+1 } is found then Step 4: Update the lower limit (min p + 1) n+1 Step 5: Update the best solution (Sbest S n+1 ) else Step 6: No solution exists, update the upper limit (max p ? 1) else Step 7: No solution exists, update the upper limit (max p ? 1) n+1 if Sbest = ? then Step 8: No solution is found (return ? ) else n+1 Step 9: A feasible solution is found (return Sbest ) hal-00721875, version 2 31 Jul 2012 4. Electric vehicles charging terminal location The EV charging terminal location problem consists in determining the best locations of the charging terminals. The linear programming model has to take into account two important aspects. First, the charging terminals have to be conveniently spread over the geographical area in order to avoid remote geographical zones which di? cult taxi operability and ? eet management. The second aspect is that the model has to determine the number of charging points facilitating the charging process of the taxis by minimizing the risks of terminals saturation. For these purposes, we propose two models, one called the P -median model, the other the Demand-based model. V is the set of geographical points of the problem and J ? V is the set of potential locations where the charging terminals can be located. The number of terminals is limited to r. 4. 1. P -median model. Following Hakimi [Hak64], we de? ne xj to be the decision variables indicating if a facility is located to the point j and yij to be the variables indicating that the geographical point i is assigned to the facility located in j. The linear program minimizing the sum of the distances between clients and facilities can be written as follows. 8 (5) min i? V j? J distij yij s. t. (6) j? J yij yij xj j? J = 1 for all i ? V ? xj for all i ? V, j ? J ? r ? {0, 1} for all j ? J ? {0, 1} for all i ? V, j ? J (7) (8) (9) (10) xj yij hal-00721875, version 2 31 Jul 2012 4. 2. Demand-based model. Another approach consists in de? ning a model with two distances ? f ar and ? close as proposed by Church and ReVelle [CR74]. The idea is then to spread the terminals by ? xing a maximal distance (? f ar ) between the di? erent geographical zones and the nearest charging terminal and, at the same time, trying to maximize the demand that will be covered by a nearby charging terminal (? close ). We can then de? ne Jif ar (resp. Jiclose ) as the subset of points in J at distance less than ? f ar (resp. ?close ) from i ? V . Conversely, Vjclose is the set of points at distance less than ? close from the point j ? J. Let xj be the decision variable indicating the number of terminals located at point j ? J and yij to be the fraction of the demand di for i ? V covered by a charging terminal located in j at distance less than ? close from i. The linear programming model proposed to solve the problem called Demand-based model is the following. (11) max j? J i? Vjclose di yij s. t. (12) f j? Ji ar xj yij close j? Ji ? 1 for all i ? V ? 1 for all i ? V ? xj for all j ? J ? r ? Z+ for all j ? J ? R+ for all i ? V, j ? Jiclose (13) (14) i? Vjclose di yij xj j? J (15) (16) (17) xj yij The objective function (Eq. (11)) consists in maximizing the pointwise demand covered by a charging terminal considering the distance ? close . Eq. (12) imposes that a geographical zone i ? V must be covered at least for one charging terminal considering the distance ? f ar . Here the mandatory closeness is only required for the geographical zones closer than ? f ar from a potential charging terminal location in order to ? nd a solution even if this constraint is violated for some geographical zones. We stress that an adequately ? f ar make possible to spread the charging terminals over the geographical area. Eq. (13) speci? es that for each geographical zone i ? V the sum of the fractions of demand covered by a charging terminal considering the distance ? close has to be less or equal to the unit.