A Study On The Cancer Genome Atlas Project - 1544 Words

There are many diseases in the world, some are cured and others that have never been cured and those diseases have been killing human for a long time. For example, cancer is a collection of diseases that has many types, and what it does is that cells in some parts of the human body starts to grow out of control. Also these cells are different form normal cells because cancer cells don’t die they keep growing and dividing. Most of the people around the world think of this disease as a terrifying disease, they also think of cancer as an untreatable disease that has no cure. Furthermore, people can also get diagnosed by cancer from developing a genetic defect that can be passed from generation to other by a gene in chromosome. The cancer†¦show more content†¦The cancer genome atlas project can cure cancer. There are a few reasons that can support the evidence that cancer genome atlas project can cure cancer. Firstly, It allows us to understand the genome by mapping out mutation, there are some evidence that can support this reason; lung cancer has been causing death over many years, lung squamous cell is one of the types of lung cancer that is called non-small cell lung cancers, it has not been characterized and no treatment was found, unless if it was in the early stages then a surgery to remove them is the only treatment. However as part of the cancer genome atlas project, the project is studying about 178 profile of lung squamous cell carcinomas so they can give a complete landscape genomic alteration, also the project found after characterizing tumors by complex genomic alteration that there is a repeated mutations in about 11 genes. Furthermore the project identified a possible beneficial target in most tumors that will help them find a treatment for lung squamous cell in the futu re. Secondly, characterize form of cancer such as ovarian cancer, the evidence that can support this reason; ovarian cancer is a disease which cancerous cells are found in the ovaries, the cancer genome atlas project after analysis of messenger RNA, micro RNA and DNA sequences, they have characterized an ovarian cancer by a mutation in most tumors, and the project also identified a periodic somatic mutations in

Leadership Styles Are Interconnected With Culture And...

Fairleigh Dickinson University, Vancouver Campus MADS 6602 V3 – Personnel Administration Taranjeet Kaur, MAS (Candidate) Student ID: 1732181 Instructor: Dr. Jay Ariken 14 APRIL ,2016 Ques-10 Describe how leadership styles are interconnected with culture and tradition of an organization? Answer - leadership can be defined as an art of motivating a group of people to act towards attaining a same goal. In other words, the process of encouraging and promoting others to work enthusiastically in achieving objectives. Leadership is a way for people to participate in making something extraordinary and different. Essence of leadership – ïÆ' ¼ Leadership actually means the power or talent of an individual to influence†¦show more content†¦IMPORTANCE OF LEADERSHIP - Leadership is not only a quality of using people’s potential in realizing and attaining an organization’s goal. It has an ultimate aim of raising the level of human conduct and ethical aspiration of both the leader and the led. The leader should elevate, inspire and motivate others. Formal leadership – The exercise of formal leadership is done through organization’s hierarchy of positions like the highest authority of manager is given all the duties to lead and supervise his under staff. Informal leadership – The leadership which is influential without any formal authority. LEADERSHIP STYLE’S - 1.Based on authority retained a. Autocratic style - In this style all decision making power is confined to the leaders as dictator leader. They do not consider any kind of suggestions or initiatives from their subordinates. The autocratic leadership style has been successful as it gives strong motivation to the manager.It actually allows quick decision-making , as only a single person decides for the whole group and keeps each decision stick to himself until he feels it is needed to be shared with the rest of the group members. This kind of leadership has a increased amount of dependency on the leader.It is only needed in some types of business where decisions need to be made extremely fast. Most of the employees hates this leaderstyle style where boss is so strict and motivation factor is absent. This style is generally not

Human Resource Management for Travel and Tourism

Question: What is Human Resource Management for Travel and Tourism? Explain. Answer: Introduction History Travel and Tourism is one of the most significant industries. The data from World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC) mention that the industry offers the job to 9 percent in the globe. Economics, Social, Political and other factors like laws etc was the very basis of the evolution of management in the past. The emphasis of the HRM in the tourism and travel were based on the welfare of the employees. However the process was very rigid, this is because the whole purpose of the HR managers and the organizations focused on the pattern of hiring the employees, paying them and then firing them (Lindsay and McQuaid, 2004). The focus was on increasing the productivity of the employee rather than on the employees interests. After the productivity, the stage that emerged in the tourism and HRM as a whole was the focus on training of the staff members. The focus started to move towards the output the HR activities generate that are beneficial for the employees. As discussed in the studies by Nan kervis et al. (2008) the idea behind reflecting on the output was to establish a ideal working culture and climate. The research paper will put the focus on the tourism industry, the state of affairs, and what needs to be done for the employees. The development of the employees and the need to manage their productivity, motivation, and ethics within the organization will be discussed and debated (Chen, 2009). The study will take cases from UK tourism industry and other countries like Germany and an analysis of critical nature will be done in order to understand the industry dynamics and the need for the development of the sector. Workforce in the Tourism Industry Travel and Tourism industry comprises of the workforce that are marginal in nature. Marginal workers mean that the workers in this industry are basically young in age, casual in nature. The industry is seasonal in nature, and therefore the employees that work also comprise of part time workers and freelancers (ILO, 2001). The wages and salaries in this industry are generally lower and therefore challenges for HRM is to preserve trained staff from switching the industry and even to create a base of more trained people and staff. Lower wages on the other hand create a hiccup for employee attraction (Waddell et al. 2013). Training and Development Flexibility of the employees is the most significant criteria in this industry. The changing dynamics of the industry and the increasing competition asks for the employees to be flexible in the adaptation of the environment in which they work. In order to match the competition and the employees interests at the same time, it is critical that the training and development focuses on these aspects. The competitive advantage of the industry is dependent on the nature of training and development is received by the workers of that industry. Holden (2004) gives the example of training in UK that proved to be inadequate when compared to some other advanced countries like Japan and US. The training and development in case of UK is divided into various organizational levels. The first and foremost is the national level, which includes UK government, the direct involvement of the government ensures training needs are been met (Parker et al. 2005). Then there are national organizations for train ing and development. The process of training and development in UK remained slower as the employers were earlier given free hand on the training they wanted to provide to the employees. Studies from Hyman (1996) prove that the training by employers in the nineties was driven by the measures to control any contingencies rather than a holistic approach to groom the employees. Finegold et al. (2000) have mentioned that the training of the employees is driven by the vocational courses. The cases of Germany which has been more proactive in its approach towards the tourism sector has been reflected in the studies of Finelgold et al. (2000). The study has mentioned that there are policies of apprenticeship in the industry before a person makes the career in tourism. This means that the country is far more advanced in terms of producing the ideal candidates for the tourism industry compared to UK, where vocational courses are taken by the inspiring candidates and there is no enforcement on the part of the organizations to train the employees (Smith et al. 2010). The other factor is that the training is done through public-private partnerships in Germany, which is not the case in UK. This means that the commitment of the staff in Germany is higher. The framework of training is such that the sector has grown leaps and bounces compared to UK. Communication and Change Management Communication and Change management in HR can be those influential policies that can result in the transformation of the work done. Change management can be done by increasing the pay structure of the employees working in the tourism sector. The employees can be given the bonuses for the development of newer skills, innovative ideas, and change in the working behaviour (Conway Monks, 2009). This is necessary in case of the tourism industry as it will be serving various objectives for the organizations. The basic thing that these sorts of measures are capable of doing is retention of the employees and skills in the industry (Baum, 2006). The performance levels of the industry can be maintained when the employees are retained. However, the employee retention on the changes in the reward system is also linked to composition of the rewards in the industry, the competition from other industries in terms of the lucrative offers (Chen Huang, 2009). Measures and accountability of the gover nment is critical. Lower remuneration and the opinion that the industry offer lower growth are one of the main issues surrounding this industry. Therefore HR role should be to manage and communicate the policies that create sense of trust among skilled people (Lindsay and McQuaid, 2004). The change management should involve the changes in the pay scales of the organizations that are linked to the industry. It has been noted that even the travel agencies, tour booking portals, and tourism companies offer lower remuneration to the employees. They generally hire young graduates and exploit them. This creates the sense of distrust for the industry at large. HR policies should be based on communication tactics in case of the tourism and travel industry. The HR policies should be based on the direct communication tactics. As per the studies done by Marchington and Wilkinson (2005) there are number of policies that can be adopted by the HR managers so that the employees can be communicated in a effective manner. The participation of the employees is very much required. There can be meetings between the employees to form the strategies and briefing them of the policies. The other option to communicate with the employees is the use of management letters and emails. Employees can be asked for the innovative ideas and they should be rewarded for their smart thoughts beneficial for the society (IRS, 2006a). The ways to improve the management and the policies of the employees should be done. Employee Motivation, Productivity, and Engagement Motivation and commitment of the employees is important for the tourism industry. Lower wages is one the critical element that demotivates the employees and hampers their commitment towards the work. The job related promotions are critical so that the employees are motivated to work. The issues like gender differences must be taken care off. The difference and barriers in terms of gender should be answered by the management through their policies (Johnston, 2006). The management should be done on the basis of the teams. The team building exercises should be implemented so that the employees work in a cordial atmosphere. This will increase their productivity. Almashaqba Nemer (2010) mentioned that the division of work is required to manage it effectively. This involves the allocation of the work as per the team. However communication is important so that the work management is done on a effective basis. Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility and HRM Ethics in tourism industry is required. This industry lacks effective policies and Corporate Social Responsibility from the stakeholders. The exploitation of the employees in tourism industry is common. In order to reduce the exploitation of workers, the example of European working council can be taken. European Work Councils (EWC) is an example where the workers are given rights. This body is constituted with employers and employee representatives. These councils are bestowed certain rights, one is the right to receive the information from the employers; employees are given security for their health (Freeman, 2010). Performance Management Systems Performance appraisals can be one of the most effective forms of the performance management (Bach, 2005). Performance appraisal is a way in which the satisfaction of the employee can be ensured. The training and development needs of the employees are checked and the employees are given the opportunity to groom and eradicate their mistakes. Feedbacks are provided to the employees, this ensures that the improvements are done. The employees are trained and they are groomed to perform the tasks to build motivation in them. Performance appraisal is one form in which the employees are given the responsibility of what is expected from them, and how they can achieve what has been desired. Recommendations on the basis of HRM models The Guest model This model mentions the approaches of HRM that may be hard and soft based on the situation in hand. There are components that are taken care off under this model. The first component is the integration of the strategies for business and for HRM otherwise the policies framed will not be able to affect the organization at large (Guest, 2011). Paulo (2013) has stated that the employees should be able to adopt in the flexible environment. The organizational policies should be based on improving the flexibility. The payment terms for peak season should be higher, and should be made so that in non-peak season the employees are able to compensate for the loss of work. The employees should be provided with technology so that their work load is reduced (Clarke and Hermann, 2004). Employees should be motivated towards the work and they should be motivated to give new ideas (Conway Monks, 2009). This means that the commitment levels of the employees are higher. The Harvard Model Beer et al (1984) proposed this model mentioning that the managers involvement with the employees should be there. The organizational demand should be strategically looked into as per Chen Huang (2009). The Harvard School of thought mentioned that the line managers should be responsible for setting the policies and strategies in most cases. Even the leaders that is responsible for the activities like management of team, should owe the responsibility along with HR managers. Conclusion The research paper covered the aspects, like the training and development, workforce, communication, ethics and performance appraisal measures that are pillars ofg the tourism industry. The cases of UK and Germany were discussed mentioning the responsibility of the government and other stakeholders in improving the condition of the industry. It was pointed that the government should work alongside private players so that the industry position is upgraded. Travel and Tourism industry is not considered lucrative by the individuals even though it provides employment to a large mass. This is due to the lower wages and employees exploitation. In order to eradicate this issue, various models were discussed. The crux is to integrate the organizational goals with the HR goals. The management should be done on the basis of the teams. The team building exercises should be implemented so that the employees work in a cordial atmosphere. The employees should be motivated through better wages and through the use of techniques like training and development. The employees should also be given chance to move up the ladder, and performance appraisal should be made by the organization. Other effective way is to effectively communicate is to use brochures. References 1. Almashaqba, Z. S; Nemer Al-Qeed, M, (2010). The Classical Theory of Organization and its Relevance. International Research Journal Of Finance Economics 41: 6067. 2. Bach, S. (2005). New directions in performance management. in S. Bach (ed.) Managing Human Resources: Personnel Management in Transition, Blackwell, 4th edition, 289316. 3. Chen, C. J., Huang, J. W. (2009). Strategic human resource practices and innovation performanceThe mediating role of knowledge management capacity. Journal of Business Research, 62(1), pp 104-114. 4. Conway, E., Monks, K. (2009). Unravelling the complexities of high commitment: an employee level analysis. Human Resource Management Journal, 19(2), pp 140-158. 5. Finegold, D., Wagner, K. and Mason, G. (2000). National skill-creation systems and career paths for service workers: hotels in the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom, International Journal of International Human Resource Management, 11(3), 497516 6. Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge University Press. 7. Holden, L. (2004). Human resource development: the organization and the national framework, in I. Beardwell, L. Holden and T. Claydon (eds.) Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach, Prentice Hall, 4th edition, 313360. 8. Guest, D. E. (2011). Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(1), pp 3-13. 9. Hyman, J. (1996). Training and development: the employers responsibility? in B. Towers (ed.) The Handbook of Human Resource Management, Blackwell, 2nd edition, 306328. 10. Industrial Relations Services (2006a). Age discrimination (1). IRS Employment Review, No. 847, 19 May, 5358. Industrial Rel. 11. Johnston, J. (2006). Half of gays believe theyll be discriminated against if they come out at work. Sunday Herald, 22 January, 14. 12. Lindsay, C. and McQuaid, R. W. (2004). Avoiding the McJobs: unemployed job seekers and attitudes to service work, Work, Employment and Society, 18(2), 297319. 13. Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2005). Human Resource Management at Work: People Management and Development, CIPD, 3rd edition. 14. Parker, Lee D., Ritson, Phillip A., (2005). Revisiting Fayol: Anticipating Contemporary Management, British Journal of Management, From Communication and Mass Media Complete as part of Ebsco Host from the STL Library at Suny New Paltz. 15. Smith, W. K., Binns, A., Tushman, M. L. (2010). Complex business models: Managing strategic paradoxes simultaneously. Long Range Planning, 43(2), pp 448-461. 16. Waddell, D, Jones, GR George, JM (2013). Contemporary Management, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, North Ryde, NSW.

International Relations Corporate Company Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the International Relations Corporate Company. Answer: Introduction: Following the fact on file that Pepsi Company has been undergoing a constant international training and development strategy, the best recommendation in such a situation would be incorporating the services of corporate managers. International corporate managers have the obligation of overseeing all the productivity as well as the liability levels of each and every department of the company and employees. The simple objective of this is to fuse the current needs of society together with the available resources of the firm and closely matching them with the Management trending taste and preferences of consumers of a particular good or services that Pepsi has to offer. We all understand that once the tastes and preference to customers have been met it reflects hugely on the sales and profits and makes an even greater impact to shareholders. The second recommendation that can be considered by Pepsi is perhaps merging with a potentially lucrative firm that is still emerging but which is a little minor as compared to the market coverage of Pepsi (Vallabhaneni, 2012). The benefit of merging resources with another firm is simply to cut down the level of the initial cost of production that would have been used to run the major commodities that Pepsi has to offer. Merging of companies is a business strategy that is used to benefit mutually all the organizations that have agreed to work together in order to maximize their respective levels of economies of scale. The first implication with hiring corporate managers is the fact they may come and steal the corporate intellectual knowledge about Pepsi and instead, sell it on the international market at a higher price. Stealing of corporate rights such as the raw plans of a marketing and sales strategy is a big risk since the organization may end up lacking a contingency plan if by any chance some of its current objective do not come to pass (Landly, 2012). This is the worst case scenario since the organization will definitely be destined for an untimely doom. In conclusion, international relations have the tendency of predicting the future changes Management in the prices of commodities and Pepsis services will not be any different. If prediction comes to happen, chances are that the organization might lose a whole load of money to the predictions that are mostly benefitted by international intermediate businessmen. Ideally, this could impact the general productivity of the business by lowering its diseconomies of scale. The economies of scale of Pepsi could be cut down from an over 70% to a less than 50% depending on the intensity of the predictions in the real world. References Vallabhaneni, S. (2012). Corporate management, governance, and ethics best practices. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Landly, D. (2012). Corporate Management. Virginia, B.L Kislev

Writing Some United Nations Essay Topics For The World

Writing Some United Nations Essay Topics For The WorldDo you want to try a little United Nations essay topic writing? Well, you have to look for something a little different than just a boring English paper. There are a lot of ways that you can do this. One of the easiest ways is by using an online grammar checker and highlighting a lot of your points so that they stand out.When you do your essay topics you want to make sure that you have a variety of things to talk about. You don't want to just talk about the United Nations. That might sound good to some people but not everyone would understand what you are trying to say. So try to write a little bit about how the United Nations might be able to help with international terrorist. You will then have a lot more to talk about.Don't be afraid to really discuss the problems of the world today. People may be a little unsure if the world is ending or if it is going to come back together. But they should know that there are still people in other countries that want to make the world a better place to live in.When you have done your essay topics you have to make sure that you also address the idea of helping out the children in third world countries. Don't make the topic seem too vague. If you are trying to get the grade that you need you have to keep your topic to a certain amount of detail. But don't go overboard.Just make sure that you cover all of the points that you need to. You want to be able to pass the entire essay. If you have something to explain that is not enough of a reason to even try.Remember that you can check the grammar yourself as well. That's a lot easier than writing a paper for a grade. You can do a free online spelling checker. You need to do it when you have the essay itself because the rules are different on each site. But there are a few online resources that will have a spell checker for free that you can use.When you are doing the essay topic, make sure that you use some questions that you already know the answers to. This will make it easier for you to check your work.If you are looking for a unique way to write an essay that is truly unique you should try your own essay topic. That way you can express the ideas you have and others can read it as well. You may find that the essay topics you write are actually written in a different language than you are familiar with.

15 Quick and Easy College Breakfast Ideas

15 Quick and Easy College Breakfast Ideas If youre one of the rare college students who actually eat breakfast, chances are youre rushed for time and short on ideas. And if youre one of the many college students who skip breakfast, chances are youre hungry for most of the day. Eating breakfast- even during your crazy-busy college years- is, as your mom told you, highly important. That little morning meal can help you focus, maintain your energy, prevent you from overeating throughout the day, and generally help kick-start your day. So what kinds of things can you eat that wont break the bank- or your waistline? 15 College Breakfast Ideas Muffins. You can buy pre-packaged muffins or you can make them yourself. Either way, they wont go stale for a while and they are easy to grab (and eat!) as youre running out the door.Toasted English muffin and peanut butter. Its easy. Its cheap. And its full of protein to help you power through your day.Peanut butter and jelly. Even the busiest of students can find 30 seconds to put together this classic sandwich.A piece of fresh fruit. Consider an apple or a banana- theyre natures original to-go foods and theyre good for you, too.Granola or energy bars. Keep an eye on the calories, but these little bars can pack a big dose of protein to help you make it through your morning.Veggies. Who says you can only have fruit for breakfast? Grab a bag of baby carrots and munch all the way to class. Added bonus: You can keep the snack bag with you throughout the day and munch as needed.Yogurt. You can get yogurt in a cup, in a smoothie, or even in a frozen pop. And yogurt is a healthy breakfast that often tastes like dessert. Whats not to like? Cereal and milk. Its a classic for a reason. Consider buying cereal in bulk, too; you can split it with your friends and save some serious cash.Dry cereal in a baggie. Dont have time to eat a nice bowl of your favorite cereal with milk? Pour some cereal in a Ziploc bag for an instant, on-the-go snack.Trail mix. The stuff can last for weeks and is a great way to power up without losing too much time- or cash. Just make sure the mix you choose isnt candy in disguise.Breakfast burritos. You can buy frozen ones you can heat up in the microwave, or make your own ahead of time for maximum convenience and savings. Tortillas scrambled eggs cheese other tasty items an awesome breakfast you can eat on the run. Consider adding leftovers from last nights dinner (veggies, rice, beans, and meat) for variety and extra flavor.Frozen waffles or pancakes. You can buy these frozen or make them yourself and then freeze them. Either way, a quick drop in the toaster or microwave leads to a great hot b reakfast with little to no effort. Pop Tarts or their equivalent. Consider buying a generic brand; youll save money but still get a little morning treat.Cheese and crackers. Cut a few slices of cheese, grab some crackers, and throw everything in a small Ziploc bag. Youll have a tasty breakfast ready in under a minute.Dried fruit. A small baggie of dried apricots, pineapples, apples, or other fruits you enjoy is an easy way to get a healthy, fruit-based breakfast- without having to worry about the fruit going bad. Consider buying in bulk to save money.

The History of Hypodermic Needles and Syringes

The History of Hypodermic Needles and Syringes Various forms of intravenous injection and infusion have been around as far back  as the late 1600s. However, it wasnt until 1853 that  Charles Gabriel Pravaz and Alexander Wood developed  a needle fine enough to pierce the skin.  The syringe  was the first device used to inject morphine as a painkiller.  The breakthrough also  eliminated  many of the technical difficulties facing those experimenting with blood transfusion. Credit for the evolution of the universally useful hypodermic syringe with its hollow, pointed needle is usually given to Dr. Wood. He came up with the invention after experimenting with a hollow needle for the administration of drugs and found that  the method was not necessarily limited to the administration of opiates. Eventually, he felt confident enough to publish a short paper in The Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Review titled  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A New Method of Treating Neuralgia by the Direct Application of Opiates to the Painful Points.† At about the same time, Charles Gabriel Pravaz, of Lyon, was making a similar syringe that quickly came into use during surgeries under the name of the â€Å"Pravaz Syringe.† A Brief Timeline of Disposable Syringes Arthur E. Smith  received eight U.S. patents for disposable  syringes in 1949 and 1950.In 1954, Becton, Dickinson and Company  created the first mass-produced disposable syringe and needle produced in glass. It was developed for Dr. Jonas Salks mass administration of the new Salk polio vaccine for  one million American children.Roehr Products  introduced a plastic  disposable hypodermic syringe called the  Monoject in 1955.Colin Murdoch, a pharmacist from Timaru, New Zealand, patented a  plastic disposable syringe  to replace the glass syringe in 1956. Murdoch patented a total of 46 inventions,  including a silent burglar alarm, automatic syringes for vaccinating animals, the childproof bottle top and the tranquilizer gun.  In 1961, Becton Dickinson introduced its first plastic disposable syringe, the Plastipak.African American inventor  Phil Brooks  received a U.S. patent for a disposable syringe on April 9, 1974. Syringes for Vaccinations   Benjamin A. Rubin is credited for inventing the pronged vaccinating and testing needle or  vaccination needle. This was a refinement to the conventional syringe needle. Dr. Edward Jenner performed the first vaccination. The  English physician began to develop vaccines by studying the link between smallpox and cowpox, a milder disease.  He injected one boy with cowpox and found that the boy became immune to smallpox. Jenner published his findings in 1798. Within three years, as many as 100,000 people in Britain had been vaccinated against smallpox.   Alternatives to Syringes   The microneedle is a painless alternative to the needle and syringe. A  chemical engineering professor from the Georgia Institute of Technology named Mark Prausnitz  teamed up with electrical engineer Mark Allen to develop the prototype microneedle device. It is made up of 400 silicon-based microscopic needles - each the width of a human hair - and looks something like the nicotine patch used to help people quit smoking. Its tiny, hollow needles are so small that any medication can be delivered through the skin without reaching the nerve cells that create pain. Microelectronics within the device control the time and dosage of the medicine delivered. Another delivery device is the Hypospray. Developed by PowderJect Pharmaceuticals in Fremont, California, the  technology uses pressurized helium to spray dry powdered medications on the skin for absorption.